<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The present paper deals with the income situation of households in the Czech Republic between 2005 and 2011. The subject of observation is disposable income per equalized member. We attempt to assess income inequality based on a Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. Another point of observation is the development of the poverty level. The poverty gap is assessed using a Sen index. Special attention is paid to groups of households according to economic activity (employed, self-employed, pensioner, unemployed, other). Using Scheffe’s method of contrast, specific pairs of demonstrable differences between levels of economic activity are detected. The poverty of individual groups is assessed based on poverty level and risk-of-poverty index. The performed analyses showed that the total incomes of households within the given period were increasing, even though the year-on-year increments were gradually decreasing. The most significant increase was observed in the incomes of unemployed people, the least significant increase in the incomes of self-employed people. Social policy in the Czech Republic does mitigate poverty; however, it does not prevent the unfair development of incomes for various groups of households.</abstract>

Income (In)Justice in the Czech Republic

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> In the world of work, the political transition created a difficult situation in Hungary which has become even less favourable in the 2010s. Employees are exposed to numerous infringements. The case study presented at previous MEB conferences and continued herein illustrates the vulnerability of employees. The case study provides an excellent opportunity for the presentation of the special Hungarian labour law (the conclusion of an employment relationship, payment of wages, performance of work, trial period, termination, corporate dismissal, etc.) and for summarising the lessons learned. In addition to the court judgement involving heavy expenditure, it can also be concluded that successful corporate work can only be achieved by respected and skilled employees, and the loyalty of employees is the key source of results. This, in turn, can only be achieved if the representatives of the owners and the management of the company pay great attention, as a subsystem, to the lawful employment and motivation of employees.</abstract>

The Lawful Execution of Employer Rights is an Important Subsystem of Corporate Governance (A Labour Case Study)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> For centuries, man, as an important part of nature, has caused irreparable damage to its equilibrium. After the Second World War, it became clear that this process had led to the extinction of several species of animals. In spite of the importance of biodiversity, it only became an international, political concept after the Earth Summit in 1992. This was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the Agreement on Biodiversity was signed by many countries. Since then, biodiversity as a term has been widely used by politicians, the media, social organisations and others. The European Union intends to validate strict requirements and provisions concerning animal protection. Most of these provisions have been legally validated in Hungary, but the country still lags behind in some respects. Further problems accrue as legal regulations concerning protected animals have been very hard to enforce in practice. Overall, we can conclude that, in order to successfully protect animals, society should improve its way of looking at animals as a living part of nature. Without such an attitude, even the most perfect statutes cannot effectively ensure the protection of animals.</abstract>

Legal Rules on the Protection of Animals in Hungary

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The objective of this paper is to evaluate the importance and potential benefits of social investment, particularly during times of economic imbalance. Social investment represents a new paradigm of social policy and a new approach to the economic challenges we are currently facing. The investigation concludes that this concept is based mainly on modernizing Europe’s social protection systems to ensure their sustainability, while enabling them to respond to new social needs. In times of crisis, the concept of social investment allows it to be seen in a new context as a new opportunity, because the crisis puts pressure on European countries to change their social models. In terms of long-term social policy, there must be a collective investment strategy that shapes the ability of individuals and families so that they can cope with new social risks and new economic conditions. A social investment pact should promote a positive path for the development of public policies in a situation where European states are facing budget deficits and a debt crisis. The modernizing of social policy requires that decisions on funding are led by results ex ante and systematically address the role of social policies in the various stages of an individual’s life.</abstract>

Social Investment as a New Paradigm of Social Policy

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