Gauging a Firm’s Innovative Performance Using an Integrated Structural Index for Patents

Company	Profits 2006–2010 millions of US dollars (Average)	Rank profits 2006–2010	Yearly S_h				Yearly SS_h

			Using IPCh₄		Using IPCh₃

			Yearly S_h (Mean)	Rank S_h	Yearly S_h (Mean)	Rank S_h	Yearly SS_h (Mean)	Rank SS_h
Johnson & Johnson	11,451.00	1	234.31	2	170.19	2	17.15	1
Pfizer	10,461.00	2	162.63	3	101.25	4	12.09	4
Merck	6,610.02	3	246.19	1	175.19	1	16.98	2
Bristol-Myers Squibb	4,521.80	4	158.81	4	106.25	3	13.71	3
Amgen	3,718.20	5	90.06	6	53.94	6	8.96	6
Biogen Idec	554.10	6	35.69	8	24.36	8	4.66	8
Allergan	395.24	7	88.19	5	61.31	5	10.00	5
Genzyme	349.72	8	53.13	7	35.75	7	6.75	7
Spearman correlation				0.857 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed);		0.762 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).		0.810 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Results of paired differences tests of firms’ yearly SSh between Group H and Group L (based on IPCh4).

	Paired differences		95% confidence interval of the difference

Pairs-SS_h	Mean	Std. Deviation	Lower	Upper	t-value	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
GHR1 - GLR1	8.188	2.331	6.94560	9.429	14.052	15	0.000
GHR2 - GLR2	7.422	2.700	5.98329	8.861	10.996	15	0.000
GHR3 - GLR3	6.975	2.213	5.79602	8.154	12.610	15	0.000
GHR4 - GLR4	6.963	1.570	6.12586	7.799	17.738	15	0.000

Yearly h-indices for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	32	23	25	17	8	1	11	4
1991	29	24	31	23	12	0	20	4
1992	29	27	32	20	10	1	20	5
1993	32	22	32	25	7	1	19	4
1994	31	25	30	26	13	6	17	7
1995	30	18	30	27	14	2	23	7
1996	41	24	35	26	14	2	21	14
1997	39	20	33	23	16	6	19	14
1998	40	29	35	29	15	11	14	15
1999	40	28	34	32	13	7	14	16
2000	29	30	25	29	14	14	16	15
2001	27	26	26	31	12	10	26	13
2002	39	28	30	26	14	13	23	10
2003	26	25	37	27	17	8	18	10
2004	30	22	37	27	15	11	18	11
2005	36	18	30	19	13	8	17	5

Yearly SSh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh4).

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	15.8	11.396	13.4	9.4	5.4	1.0	6.4	3.2
1991	14.8	11.812	15.8	12.4	7.8	0.0	10.8	3.2
1992	14.4	12.740	16.8	10.6	6.4	1.0	10.6	4.2
1993	16.2	10.836	17.2	12.8	5.6	1.0	10.0	3.2
1994	15.8	12.188	17.2	14.0	8.4	4.8	9.4	5.4
1995	16.0	8.804	16.4	14.2	8.6	1.8	11.6	5.4
1996	20.4	11.852	18.4	13.6	8.8	1.8	10.6	8.8
1997	19.6	10.044	17.6	12.8	10.8	5.0	10.4	8.4
1998	20.4	14.004	18.2	14.8	10.4	7.4	8.2	9.4
1999	20.2	13.544	17.8	16.4	8.6	5.2	8.0	10.0
2000	16.2	14.656	14.4	15.6	9.6	8.4	8.6	9.8
2001	15.6	13.364	15.0	16.0	10.4	7.2	13.0	8.8
2002	19.2	14.024	16.6	15.6	11.2	9.0	12.0	7.4
2003	15.0	12.876	20.0	15.0	11.6	6.6	10.4	7.6
2004	16.0	11.344	19.6	15.0	10.2	7.6	10.0	8.0
2005	18.8	9.868	17.2	11.2	9.6	6.8	10.0	5.2
Mean	17.15	12.085	16.975	13.713	8.963	4.663	10	6.75
Rank	1	4	2	3	6	8	5	7

Yearly average depth of patents (average dad) for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	1.50	2.49	1.79	1.77	2.04	4.22	1.44	2.29
1991	1.72	2.53	1.67	1.76	2.81	0.00	1.80	2.13
1992	1.59	2.35	1.93	1.67	2.86	2.83	1.48	2.39
1993	1.63	2.59	1.86	1.79	3.94	2.28	1.79	2.52
1994	1.52	2.47	2.58	1.70	3.71	2.53	1.62	2.00
1995	1.80	2.01	2.01	2.04	2.10	1.66	1.74	2.01
1996	1.78	2.63	2.01	1.75	2.29	3.63	1.66	2.85
1997	1.67	2.61	1.95	1.82	2.65	2.89	2.07	2.40
1998	2.22	3.01	2.01	1.73	3.15	2.82	1.53	3.18
1999	2.24	2.86	2.08	2.12	2.89	2.41	2.17	2.72
2000	2.38	3.14	2.22	2.40	2.93	3.33	1.68	3.44
2001	2.74	3.41	2.26	2.56	2.47	3.54	1.68	3.05
2002	1.69	3.06	2.33	3.34	3.65	3.18	2.03	2.30
2003	1.77	3.19	2.46	2.73	3.50	2.42	1.81	2.69
2004	1.93	2.86	2.65	2.48	3.99	2.78	1.99	2.57
2005	2.016	2.67	2.64	2.31	3.96	3.01	2.00	2.01
Mean	1.887	2.743	2.153	2.123	3.059	2.721	1.781	2.543
Rank	7	2	5	6	1	3	8	4

Yearly average number of 4-digit IPC codes (ave IPC-4 codes) of patents for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	2.85	2.81	2.83	2.76	3.46	9.00	2.58	2.67
1991	3.14	2.92	2.95	2.86	4.47	0.00	2.51	4.00
1992	2.37	2.60	3.00	2.72	3.63	6.00	2.84	3.91
1993	2.99	2.86	2.75	2.75	4.08	7.00	1.97	2.55
1994	2.98	2.75	2.72	2.97	4.17	6.00	2.54	4.07
1995	3.19	2.89	3.06	3.02	4.39	7.50	2.50	3.50
1996	3.52	2.94	3.07	2.83	4.08	6.50	1.94	3.57
1997	3.43	3.50	2.94	2.74	4.92	6.60	2.50	3.67
1998	2.60	3.60	3.12	2.59	4.64	5.56	2.36	3.08
1999	2.33	3.62	3.31	2.61	3.88	4.36	2.43	3.23
2000	2.96	3.78	3.47	3.14	4.08	4.57	2.18	3.49
2001	3.07	3.78	3.52	3.08	5.62	4.72	2.16	3.17
2002	2.78	3.72	3.74	3.55	6.06	4.74	2.43	3.57
2003	2.26	3.42	3.67	3.33	4.99	5.91	2.71	3.12
2004	2.91	2.97	3.48	3.04	4.66	4.51	2.56	3.29
2005	2.91	2.70	3.76	3.02	3.93	4.82	2.76	3.42
Mean	2.89	3.18	3.21	2.94	4.44	5.49	2.44	3.39
Rank	7	5	4	6	2	1	8	3

Yearly Sh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh4).

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	192	161	150	85	32	1	44	12
1991	174	144	186	138	72	0	100	12
1992	145	162	224	100	40	1	100	20
1993	224	132	256	125	35	1	76	12
1994	217	150	240	182	78	30	85	35
1995	240	108	240	162	84	4	92	35
1996	328	120	280	156	84	4	84	84
1997	312	140	264	138	128	30	95	70
1998	280	174	280	174	120	66	70	90
1999	240	196	272	192	78	35	56	96
2000	203	240	200	203	98	70	64	90
2001	189	208	208	186	120	60	130	78
2002	273	252	240	208	140	91	115	60
2003	234	175	333	189	136	56	108	60
2004	210	132	296	189	105	66	90	66
2005	288	108	270	114	91	56	102	30
Mean	234.31	162.63	246.19	158.81	90.06	35.69	88.19	53.13
Rank	2	3	1	4	5	8	6	7

The yearly h-index of patent depth (Dhy) for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	3	6	5	3	3	1	2	2
1991	4	6	5	4	3	0	4	2
1992	4	5	6	3	4	1	3	3
1993	3	5	6	4	4	1	4	2
1994	3	6	10	4	4	2	3	3
1995	4	4	6	5	3	1	4	3
1996	4	6	6	4	4	1	3	4
1997	4	5	6	6	6	3	4	4
1998	8	6	5	4	6	3	3	5
1999	9	6	5	6	5	2	4	6
2000	9	7	6	6	6	4	3	7
2001	10	8	7	6	8	4	3	6
2002	4	8	7	10	8	5	4	5
2003	5	8	8	7	8	3	4	6
2004	6	7	8	7	7	4	4	6
2005	6	8	8	6	8	4	4	4

Yearly Sh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh3).

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	160	92	100	68	24	1	33	8
1991	145	120	155	92	36	0	80	12
1992	116	108	160	80	30	1	80	15
1993	160	88	192	100	21	1	57	8
1994	155	100	180	104	39	18	51	21
1995	150	54	150	108	56	4	69	21
1996	246	96	175	104	56	4	63	56
1997	234	80	198	92	64	24	57	56
1998	200	116	175	116	75	44	42	60
1999	160	112	204	128	52	21	42	64
2000	145	150	150	116	70	56	48	60
2001	135	104	130	124	60	40	78	52
2002	195	140	180	130	70	52	69	40
2003	156	100	222	135	85	40	72	40
2004	150	88	222	108	60	44	72	44
2005	216	72	210	95	65	40	68	15
Mean	170.19	101.25	175.19	106.25	53.94	24.375	61.31	35.75
Rank	2	4	1	3	6	8	5	7

Controlled cases design for companies included in NCC study.

Group H				Group L

Company	Code	Profits	Rank	Company	Code	Profits	Rank
Johnson & Johnson	GHR1	11,451.00	1	Amgen	GLR1	3,718.20	1
Pfizer	GHR2	10,461.00	2	Biogen Idec	GLR2	554.10	2
Merck	GHR3	6,610.02	3	Allergan	GLR3	395.24	3
Bristol-Myers Squibb	GHR4	4,521.80	4	Genzyme	GLR4	349.72	4

Correlations among yearly average IPC-4 codes and yearly average dad of patents and a firm’s profits.

Company	Rank profits 2006–2010	Yearly average IPC-4 codes		Yearly average d_ad

		Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank
Johnson & Johnson	1	2.89	7	1.887	7
Pfizer	2	3.18	5	2.743	2
Merck	3	3.21	4	2.153	5
Bristol-Myers Squibb	4	2.94	6	2.123	6
Amgen	5	4.44	2	3.059	1
Biogen Idec	6	5.49	1	2.721	3
Allergan	7	2.44	8	1.781	8
Genzyme	8	3.39	3	2.543	4
Spearman correlation			–0.310		–0.024

Results of paired differences tests of firms’ yearly Sh between Group H and Group L (based on IPCh4).

	Paired differences		95% confidence interval of the difference

Pairs-S_h	Mean	Std. Deviation	Lower	Upper	t-value	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
GHR1 - GLR1	144.250	45.918	119.782	168.718	12.566	15	0.000
GHR2 - GLR2	126.938	34.555	108.524	145.351	14.694	15	0.000
GHR3 - GLR3	158.000	46.286	133.336	182.664	13.654	15	0.000
GHR4 - GLP4	105.688	26.630	91.497	119.878	15.875	15	0.000

Yearly IPCh3 for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	5	4	4	4	3	1	3	2
1991	5	5	5	4	3	0	4	3
1992	4	4	5	4	3	1	4	3
1993	5	4	6	4	3	1	3	2
1994	5	4	6	4	3	3	3	3
1995	5	3	5	4	4	2	3	3
1996	6	4	5	4	4	2	3	4
1997	6	4	6	4	4	4	3	4
1998	5	4	5	4	5	4	3	4
1999	4	4	6	4	4	3	3	4
2000	5	5	6	4	5	4	3	4
2001	5	4	5	4	5	4	3	4
2002	5	5	6	5	5	4	3	4
2003	6	4	6	5	5	5	4	4
2004	5	4	6	4	4	4	4	4
2005	6	4	7	5	5	5	4	3

Yearly IPCh4 for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Year	Johnson & Johnson	Pfizer	Merck	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Amgen	Biogen Idec	Allergan	Genzyme
1990	6	7	6	5	4	1	4	3
1991	6	6	6	6	6	0	5	3
1992	5	6	7	5	4	1	5	4
1993	7	6	8	5	5	1	4	3
1994	7	6	8	7	6	5	5	5
1995	8	6	8	6	6	2	4	5
1996	8	5	8	6	6	2	4	6
1997	8	7	8	6	8	5	5	5
1998	7	6	8	6	8	6	5	6
1999	6	7	8	6	6	5	4	6
2000	7	8	8	7	7	5	4	6
2001	7	8	8	6	10	6	5	6
2002	7	9	8	8	10	7	5	6
2003	9	7	9	7	8	7	6	6
2004	7	6	8	7	7	6	5	6
2005	8	6	9	6	7	7	6	6

eISSN:: 2543-683X
Język:: Angielski

Częstotliwość wydawania:: 4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:: Computer Sciences, Information Technology, Project Management, Databases and Data Mining

Kanał RSS czasopisma

Gauging a Firm’s Innovative Performance Using an Integrated Structural Index for Patents

Article Category: Research Paper

Data publikacji: 01 wrz 2017

Zakres stron: 6 - 27

Otrzymano: 28 sty 2016

Przyjęty: 25 lut 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20309/jdis.201603

Słowa kluczowePatent analysis, Structural h-index, Market value of patents, Technological value of patents, Pharmaceutical industry, Nested case-control

© 2016 Xiaojun Hu, Ronald Rousseau

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Correlations among yearly Sh and yearly SSh on the one hand and a firm’s profits on the other.

Results of paired differences tests of firms’ yearly SSh between Group H and Group L (based on IPCh4).

Yearly h-indices for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Yearly SSh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh4).

Yearly average depth of patents (average dad) for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Yearly average number of 4-digit IPC codes (ave IPC-4 codes) of patents for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Yearly Sh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh4).

The yearly h-index of patent depth (Dhy) for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Yearly Sh indices of eight companies during the period 1990–2005 (using IPCh3).

Controlled cases design for companies included in NCC study.

Correlations among yearly average IPC-4 codes and yearly average dad of patents and a firm’s profits.

Results of paired differences tests of firms’ yearly Sh between Group H and Group L (based on IPCh4).

Yearly IPCh3 for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Yearly IPCh4 for eight companies during the period 1990–2005.

Słowa kluczowe
Patent analysis, Structural h-index, Market value of patents, Technological value of patents, Pharmaceutical industry, Nested case-control