<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Turbidity is an important indicator of water quality in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. Research on turbidity issues in these areas is significant not only for the development and utilization of water resources for aquaculture, tourism, and other purposes but also for assessing the level of silt (sand) in the river, allowing sediment alluvial to build up a bank of the river, and monitoring the degree of water corrosion in the bridge substructure. This allows for the building of an effective maintenance and conservation program for the bridge in response to climate change.
Traditional methods have defined the turbidity of water in a local area, on a small scale. Interpolation errors of traditional methods for large areas may exceed over 20%. The use of remote sensing technology as Landsat-8 satellite images with a high geometric resolution of 30-meter multispectral channels allows us to estimate and distribute the water turbidity in a 30 × 30 m grid in detail.
Using multi-temporal Landsat-8 data in 2014 and 2015 for modeling water turbidity of Tien and Hau rivers and coastal areas in South Vietnam, the obtained mean absolute error is approximately 20%, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) does not exceed 10 NTU. The models have a high coefficient of efficiency ME, approximately 90% (ME = 0.862), and the correlation coefficient R stronger than 90%. This allows an overall assessment of changes in water flow velocity concerning the amount of sediment in the river.
</abstract>

Using Satellite Images to Retrieve the River Turbidity and Water Flow Velocity for Monitoring their Influences on Bridge

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The evaluation of wind effect on the regular shape and simple diaphragm buildings and structures due to wind load has been calculated by several international codes and standards where wind gust nature and dynamic effect could not capture. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) provides the tools for engineers to calculate the wind pressures for the design of a regular-shaped structure with a height to width ratio of less than 5.0, a simple diaphragm, and no unusual geometrical irregularity. If these conditions do not satisfy a wind tunnel testing is required. In this study, a comparative study between two codes in Bangladesh (BNBC-2006 and BNBC-2020), and wind tunnel test results are conducted. An investigation is carried out on four typical buildings with variable heights located within Dhaka, Bangladesh. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program RWIND is used to calculate the wind loads on buildings and are compared with those obtained by Bangladesh National Building Codes. Storey shear of four different building models is compared. Between BNBC-2006 and BNBC-2020, there is up to a 53% difference in storey shear. Whereas, up to 30% variation in storey shear is observed between the numerical wind tunnel test data and the data calculated using the BNBC-2020 equations. Finally, this study will help in improving BNBC code provisions for wind load calculations.
</abstract>

Evaluation of Wind Effects on Buildings Using Design Codes and Numerical Wind Tunnel Tests

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Segregation in the housing sector has exposed urban dwellers to series of unfavourable conditions in most cities of developing countries, which are as a result several factors. This paper is aimed at examining the factors influencing segregation in the housing neighbourhoods of Minna, Nigeria. Two-stage cluster sampling methods were adopted in the selection of neighbourhoods and households across the entire sample frame in the administration of 374 questionnaires across the 25 clustered neighbourhoods. Chi-square and Relative Importance Index (RII) as well as mean score to determine neighbourhood geographical segregation indicators pattern across all the 25 neighbourhoods in the study area. The study established that there is a significant difference between low, medium, and high density neighbourhoods in terms segregation factors in the study area. It was therefore suggested that a good urban governance structure should be put in place that will discourage class divisions among spatial entities of the city.
</abstract>

Factors Responsible for Socio-Spatial Segregation in the Housing Neighbourhoods of Minna, Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Many characteristics of capillary-porous materials, including limestones and dolomites, depend on the structure of the pore space of a given material, so the article attempts to accurately determine the geometric characteristics of pores and their ability to transport water. Much information on the pore structure of carbonate rocks can be obtained from literature studies. There is a lack of information on the use of full hysteresis dilatometric thermoporometry methods for this purpose, as well as the fusion of differential analysis of volumetric strain (DAVS) results with mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results.
The subject of the research presented in this article is the analysis of pore structure in carbonate rocks using the method of differential analysis of volumetric strain and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Based on the measurements made, the pore size, pore volume, content of empty pores and pores containing water incapable of phase transformation were analyzed. The geometry of mesopores of rock samples examined by differential analysis of volumetric strain and mercury intrusion porosimetry was compared. A fusion of the distribution of mesopores from the DAVS study with a part of the distribution of meso- and macropores obtained by the MIP study was performer.
</abstract>

Fusion of Differential Analysis of Volumetric Strain Method (Dilatometric Thermoporometry) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Method for Pore Space Characterization in Carbonate Rocks

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The article addresses the issue of the Portuguese conservation approach to religious buildings in Lisbon that have been damaged by cataclysms. The aim is to show approach to both preserving the original substance and changing the function of the sacral building. After the tragic destruction of Lisbon in the mid-18th century was followed by the use of the ruins of the Carmelite monastery church, Convento do Carmo, for adaptation into the Archaeological Museum. Church of the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha, also acts as a remnant of historic events. The Church of St Dominic is also an example of atypical conservation and restoration. Another one is the adaptation the São Julião church on the Museum of the Bank of Portugal. That projects are examples of pioneering conservation activities conceived as a result of the conservation practice of Portuguese architects.
</abstract>

Living Traces of History – Portuguese Approach to Conservation on the Example of Religious Buildings in Lisbon

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Structure and Environment

ABOUT THE JOURNAL   Structure and Environment, a quarterly journal, has been published by the Kielce University of Technology since 2009.  It uses Editorial Manager for online submission and manuscript tracking https://www.editorialmanager.com/sae/default1.aspx. It is recommended to provide ORCID codes for each co-author. Papers are published in English and are assigned digital object identifier DOI:10.30540/sae.  Structure and Environment is an Open Access journal that allows unrestricted and free-of-charge access to its content at www.sae.tu.kielce.pl and www.sciendo.com./journal/SAE.  Peer-review process:   The editor appoints two reviewers whose names are hidden from the authors.  Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of four outcomes:　Accept, Minor Revisions, Major Revisions, and Reject. Manuscripts with Minor Revision" do not require a second review. Manuscripts receiving a Major Revision evaluation must be subjected to a second review. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration.  The editor decides whether the paper fulfill all requirements i.e. formal and scientific.  As soon as the publication appears in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.   The authors do not bear any publication costs.　   In 2023, Structure and Environment was entered into the Polish Ministry of Education and Science Journals list with a score of 70 points. Committed to ensuring the high quality of our publications.  The content of the quarterly is indexed by more 10 ten bibliographic databases and made available in the collection of peer-reviewed interdisciplinary scientific articles, e-Publikacje Nauki Polskiej.　  Format of the journal – electronic forme- ISSN: 2657 – 6902  ISSN: 2081 - 1500DOI: 10.30540/sae/  Journal Metrics:  Index Copernicus Value (IVC) 2022 = 100  The Polish Ministry of Education and Science 2021 = 70 pts   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 