Association of cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism, anxiety, and environmental factors with cigarette smoking by Thai adults

Napakkawat Buathong; Rasmon Kalayasiri; Pajaree Chaliyavilaskul; Khwanruan Phetnoi; Thanapoom Ratananupong

Open Access

Association of cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism, anxiety, and environmental factors with cigarette smoking by Thai adults

Napakkawat Buathong

Rasmon Kalayasiri

Pajaree Chaliyavilaskul

Khwanruan Phetnoi

and

Thanapoom Ratananupong

| Jan 31, 2017

Asian Biomedicine

Volume 10 (2016): Issue 2 (April 2016)

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Published Online: Jan 31, 2017

Page range: 147 - 154

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.1002.476

Keywords
Anxiety, cigarette smoking, cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism

© 2016 Napakkawat Buathong, Rasmon Kalayasiri, Pajaree Chaliyavilaskul, Khwanruan Phetnoi, Thanapoom Ratananupong

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Means, standard deviation, and bivariate correlation of the study variables

	Mean	SD	1 Age	2 Duration of smoking habit	3 Anxiety	4 Depression	5 Cigarette Nicotine	6 consumption dependence
1. Age	37.5	9.99	–
2. Duration of	20.5	9.98	r = 0.93
smoke (years)			P < 0.001	–
3. Anxiety	6.5	3.43	r = 0.15	r = 0.08
			P = 0.09	P = 0.36	–
4. Depression	5.1	3.45	r = 0.11	r = 0.04	r = 0.42
			P = 0.23	P = 0.65	P < 0.001	–
5. Cigarette	11.9	2.56	r = 0.22	r = 0.22	r = 0.13	r = –0.17
consumption			P = 0.01	P = 0.013	P = 0.14	P = 0.06	–
6. Nicotine	3.7	2.56	r = 0.241	r = 0.23	r = 0.47	r = 0.08	r = 0.63
dependence			P = 0.006	P = 0.009	P < 0.001	P = 0.36	P < 0.001	–

Comparisons of demographic characteristics according to daily cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence (Fagerstr m Test for Nicotine Dependence score)

	Cigarette consumption						Nicotine dependence

	n	Mean SD		Statistic	(df)	†P	Mean SD		Statistic (df)		†P
Sex
Male	122	11.8	6.87	t (125)	–0.64	0.522	3.6	2.58	t (7.18)	–3.83	0.006
Female	5	13.8	6.87				5.4	0.89
Education
Primary school	31	14.4	9.39	χ2	2.11	0.347	4.2	2.87	F (2,124)	1.77	0.18
Secondary/vocational	77	11.0	5.84				3.4	2.54
Bachelor’sdegree/higher	19	11.4	4.85				4.2	1.93
Marital status
Single/divorced/widowed	65	11.6	5.84	t (112.69)	–0.42	0.677	3.7	2.53	t (125)	0.07	0.95
Married	62	12.1	7.82				3.7	2.61
Employment
Employee/ laborer	108	12.3	7.01	F (2,124)	1.67	0.193	3.6	2.53	F (2,124)	0.30	0.74
Government and state enterprise 10		10.0	5.03				4.3	2.87
Own business	9	8.6	5.96				3.7	2.79
Salary (baht)
≤10,000	50	13.1	7.22	F (2,124)	1.65	0.196	4.1	2.64	F (2,124)	2.95	0.06
10,001–15,000	36	10.4	6.05				2.8	2.47
>15,000	41	11.7	6.95				4.0	2.43
Alcohol consumption
No	37	13.6	6.92	t (125)	1.84	0.068	4.1	2.35	t (125)	1.25	0.21
Yes	90	11.2	6.74				3.5	2.64
Caffeine consumption
No	33	11.2	5.75	t (125)	–0.64	0.526	3.6	2.81	t (125)	–0.15	0.88
Yes	94	12.1	7.22				3.7	2.48

CYP2A6 genotype, anxiety, depression, environmental factors according to daily amount of cigarette consumption and severity of nicotine dependence

		Cigarette consumption						Nicotine dependence

	n	Mean	SD	Statistic	(df)	†P	Mean SD		Statistic (df)		†P
Smoking household member
No	19	9.8	5.29	t (125)	–1.40	0.164	2.2	2.25	t (125)	–2.81	0.006
Yes	108	12.2	7.06				4.0	2.53
Smoking colleague
No	10	15.2	10.35	t (9.61)	1.09	0.303	4.1	2.64	t (125)	0.52	0.60
Yes	117	11.6	6.46				3.7	2.56
Anxiety
No	111	11.6	6.46	t (17.22)	–1.00	0.331	3.4	2.46	t (125)	–3.96	<0.001
Yes	16	13.9	9.15				5.9	2.11
Depression
No	116	12.2	6.88	t (125)	1.98	0.05	3.7	2.56	t (125)	–0.17	0.87
Yes	11	8.0	5.42				3.8	2.75
CYP2A6 genotype
UM/EM	76	13.1	7.75	c2	6.09	0.048	3.9	2.53	F (2,124) 2.11		0.13
IM	35	10.8	4.72				3.7	2.66
PM	16	8.5	4.66				2.5	2.28

Predictors of cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence

	Cigarette consumption				Nicotine dependence

	b	SE(b)	95%CI (b)	P	b	SE(b)	95%CI (b)	P
Model 1
Female sex	–0.626	3.057	–6.68, 5.43	0.838	0.756	1.022	–1.27, 2.78	0.461
Age Age and anxiety variables as a continuous data into the model.	0.155	0.061	0.03, 0.276	0.012	0.036	0.020	–0.005, 0.08	0.082
Smoking household member^{Dummy variable (reference with “no”)}	2.047	1.669	–1.26, 5.35	0.222	1.208	0.558	0.10, 2.31	0.032
Anxiety	0.168	0.177	–0.18, 0.52	0.344	0.309	0.059	0.19, 0.43	<0.001
UM/EM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	3.929	1.821	0.32, 7.53	0.033	0.977	0.609	–0.23, 2.18	0.111
IM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	2.127	1.988	–1.81, 6.06	0.287	0.970	0.665	–0.35, 2.29	0.147
Model 2^{Model 2 was adjusted for gender, age, and smoking household member.}
Anxiety and UM/EM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	0.363	0.167	0.03, 0.69	0.031	0.258	0.057	0.15, 0.37	<0.001
Anxiety and IM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	0.049	0.20	–0.35, 0.44	0.808	0.285	0.068	0.15, 0.42	<0.001
Model 3^{Model 3 was adjusted for gender, age, and anxiety.}
Smoking household member
Smoking and UM/EM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	4.127	1.408	1.34, 6.14	0.004	1.427	0.471	0.49, 2.36	0.003
Smoking household member
Smoking and IM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	1.574	1.686	–1.76, 4.91	0.352	1.293	0.563	0.18, 2.41	0.024
Model 4^{Model 4 was adjusted for gender, smoking household member, and anxiety.}
Age and UM/EM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	0.149	0.039	0.07, 0.23	<0.001	0.037	0.013	0.01, 0.06	0.005
Age and IM^{Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”)}	0.082	0.046	–0.01, 0.17	0.071	0.031	0.015	0.001, 0.06	0.043

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Association of cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism, anxiety, and environmental factors with cigarette smoking by Thai adults

Article Category: Brief communication (Original)

Published Online: Jan 31, 2017

Page range: 147 - 154

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.1002.476

KeywordsAnxiety, cigarette smoking, cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism

© 2016 Napakkawat Buathong, Rasmon Kalayasiri, Pajaree Chaliyavilaskul, Khwanruan Phetnoi, Thanapoom Ratananupong

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Means, standard deviation, and bivariate correlation of the study variables

Comparisons of demographic characteristics according to daily cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence (Fagerstr m Test for Nicotine Dependence score)

CYP2A6 genotype, anxiety, depression, environmental factors according to daily amount of cigarette consumption and severity of nicotine dependence

Predictors of cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence

Keywords
Anxiety, cigarette smoking, cytochrome P450 2A6 polymorphism