Impact of perioperative treatment on survival of resectable gastric cancer patients after D2 lymphadenectomy: a single European centre propensity score matching analysis
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: May 08, 2019
Page range: 245 - 255
Received: Dec 12, 2018
Accepted: Feb 24, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2019-0019
© 2019 Tomaz Jagric, Bojan Ilijevec, Vaneja Velenik, Janja Ocvirk, Stojan Potrc, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Multimodal treatment has long been established as the only way to prolong the poor survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 With this therapy, long term survival has increased from 38% to 70%.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Chemotherapy is now a solid part of gastric cancer treatment guidelines, but there is still much debate on which regimen should be used, the time and duration of chemotherapy.1,2
Before INT0116 trial, gastric cancer was supposed to be chemoresistant. The INT0116 trial was one of the first trials that established the adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.1,2,14 The study influenced the treatment in Northern America.1,2 Although it clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer, the major concern was that it was carried out on patients with suboptimal lymphadenectomy.1,2 It is now accepted that this protocol improves survival in suboptimal operated patients.1,2 In the following years, the ACST-GC trial, and later the Sakato’s trial conducted in Japan, proved beyond any doubt that adjuvant treatment can improve survival even in patients after adequate lymphadenectomy.6 But the results from FLAGS trial showed that the tolerance of S1 agent in Caucasian population was poor, and only a fraction of patients with esophago-gastric junction were included.2 Meanwhile, in Europe the results of the MAGIC trial proved the efficiency of perioperative chemotherapy.3 Nonetheless, a sufficient lymph node dissection was performed only in 40% of patients and only 40% of patients could successfully end all postoperative cycles. In spite of the important results, there are still many trials that try to determine the best chemotherapy timing in adequate operated patients.3
In our institution, patients have been operated according to Japanese guidelines since 1992.15 We started to use the perioperative treatment in 2003. Theoretically, the study of patients from single institution where only five dedicated surgeons perform a standardised operation provides a homogenous group on which one could easily determine the beneficial effects of (perioperative and adjuvant) chemotherapy. Therefore, we conducted an analysis with propensity score matched patients to determine the role of perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients after D2 lymphadenectomy.
Since 1991, 1563 patients were operated for gastric cancer in the department for Abdominal and General Surgery at the University Clinical Centre Maribor, Slovenia. The demographic characteristics of patients, the characteristics of the surgical procedures, and the pathological characteristics of tumours were prospectively stored on a computer database. The bone marrow, renal and hepatic functions are important determinants of chemotherapeutical treatment, those factors were not routinely stored in our database. Although this might have brought a certain bias into the analysis that is inherent to retrospective studies, we assumed that unfit patients would not have been operated in the first place. Since 1991 there have been several revisions of the The Union for International Cancer Control Tumour Node Metastases classification (UICC TNM) classification. We have therefore been regularly updating the TNM classification to concur with the most current issue of the UICC TNM classification system. The survivals were annually updated with the data from the National Cancer Registry of Slovenia to obtain the most accurate survival data and to avoid losing any patient during follow-up. The perioperative treatment of gastric cancer patients was adopted based on the published results of the MAGIC trial from the year 2003.14 At first, patients were treated with the 5FU-LV (5-Fluorouracil-Leucovorin) protocol; but shortly after the results of the OE trial, this protocol was replaced with other chemotherapy regimens that are better tolerated by the patients.11 Now, the most used chemotherapy regimens are epirubicin, oxaliplatine and capecitabine. More than half of patients in whom perioperative treatment was instituted received one of the formal chemotherapy regimens. To determine the efficiency of perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients from a European centre after formal D2 lymph node dissection, the prospectively stored data from our patients was used. For propensity score matching, only patients with histologically verified adenocarcinoma were included. Furthermore, only patients with a R0 resection were included in the study. Patients with a metastatic disease at presentation were excluded from the study. After exclusion, 1156 patients were used for propensity score matching. Age, tumour site, complication stage according to Dindo-Claviene classification, UICC stage and the TNM nodal stage were determined to be the significant covariates for perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy with logistic regression. Based on these covariates, a propensity score was calculated for each patient. Patients were randomised and paired with the nearest score matching protocol. In the final group, 482 patients remained. These were used for further analysis.
The study was conducted according to the ethical directives of the Helsinki declaration. All of the patients gave their informed consent before treatment. All of the patient data was stored prospectively in the hospital database, and the study was approved by local Ethnics Committee.
The eligibility criteria for perioperative treatment were as follows: Resected gastric cancer stage IIA or higher and no distant metastases. Patients with IB gastric cancer were reviewed at tumour board for consideration of perioperative and adjuvant therapy. Further eligibility criteria were age 18 years or older, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0 to 1, and adequate hepatic, renal, marrow and cardiac function. Patients with a history of recent myocardial ishaemia, uncontrolled angina, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, or other serious medical illness were taken under review from the tumour board. The exclusion criteria for perioperative and adjuvant treatment were as follows: Stage IA or IB (T2aN0) disease, microscopically positive resection margins, and involvement of M1 lymph node or distant metastases. Severe renal impairment (calculated creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min) suspected dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency.
Perioperative and adjuvant treatment was administered as described elsewhere.16 In brief; patients received one of the following perioperative protocols: capecitabine, EOX (epirubicin, oxaliplatin, capecitabine), XELOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin). Patients subjected to EOX regimen received intravenous bolus of epirubicin at a dose of 50 mg per square meter, oxaliplatin at a dose of 130 mg per square meter and capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg per square meter twice a day. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks for maximum of six cycles. The XELOX regimen consisted of eight 3-week cycles of oral capecitabine 1000 mg per square meter twice a day on days 1 to 14 of each cycle and intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg per square meter on day one of each cycle. Adjuvant treatment with capecitabine was initiated within 6–8 weeks after surgery and consisted of concomitantly applied chemo- and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy started with peroral capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 twice a day (bid) on days 1–14, with a one-week break. Concurrently with irradiation, continuous capecitabine 825 mg/m2 bid was administered, without weekend breaks. After the completion of radiotherapy with two-week break, the patients received three more cycles of capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 bid on days 1–14, with a one-week break between each cycle. Patients were irradiated on linear accelerator with 15 MV photon beams for five days per week, at a daily dose of 1.8 Gy.16 A minority of patients received either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and cisplatin or paclitaxel and docetaxel regimen. Patients received 75 to 1000 mg cisplatin per square meter as intravenous infusion on day one and 29 in the 5FU-CP (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) group, and 750 to 1000 mg per square meter as continuous infusion over 24 hours on days one to 4 and 29 to 32 in the 5FU. Patients were irradiated on linear accelerator with 15 MV photon beams for five days per week, at a daily dose of 1.8 Gy.16 In the paclitaxel and docetaxel group, patients received 135 to 250 mg paclitaxel per square meter as intravenous infusion every 21 days and 75 to 100 mg docetaxel per square meter as continuous infusion every 21 days.
Gastric cancer surgery in our institution is performed by five dedicated gastric cancer surgeons. These surgeons follow the Japanese Gastric Cancer guidelines (JGCC). In well differentiated cancers located in the distal third of the stomach, for the proximal border a two to three cm safety margin from the palpable tumour edge is used. In these patients, a distal subtotal gastrectomy is performed, with the distal margin at least 1.5 cm distal to pylorus. In moderately and poor differentiated tumours, a wider resection margin of four to six cm is used. In these patients, a total gastrectomy is usually performed. In patients with middle third gastric cancer, a total gastrectomy is performed. In proximal third tumours and tumours of the esophagogastric junction Siewert II and Siewert III classificaton, a trans-hiatal extended total gastrectomy and distal esophagectomy or a proximal gastrectomy are performed. A pancreas preserving D2 lymphadenectomy is always performed. According to guidelines, the lymph node stations 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11p and 12 are removed during a distal subtotal gastrectomy. During a total gastrectomy, the lymph node stations 1 to 12 and the left paraaortic lymph nodes are dissected. Additionally to formal lymph node stations, periesophageal lower and middle lymph nodes are dissected (lymph node stations 110 and 111) in transhiatally extended resections. The pancreatic tail is resected only if direct invasion from the tumour is present. Similarly, a splenectomy is performed only if direct invasion is present or if injury to the spleen should occur during the operation. It has been long established that splenectomy does not have an impact on longterm survival nor is splenectomy with gastrectomy considered multivisceral resection.17 These operations were therefore considered simple resections with D2 lymphadenectomy.
Patients in the surgery only and perioperative and adjuvant treatment groups were matched using the propensity score method as described by Rosenbaum and Rubin.18,19 First, the correlations between different covariates and the likelihood receiving perioperative and adjuvant treatment were analysed. The propensity score for an individual was calculated on the given covariates of preoperative serum haemoglobin levels, distal resection border, lymphocyte infiltration and the TNM N stage using the multivariate logistic regression model. Because radically resected gastric cancer patients in whom D2 lymphadenectomy was performed were included in the study, lymph node dissection and resection margins were not considered as a covariates in the propensity score derivation model. Using the propensity scores, 241 surgery only patients were individually matched to 241 patients who received perioperative and adjuvant treatment using the technique of the nearest available score matching. This method consists of randomly ordering the case and control subjects, then selecting the first case subject and finding the control subject with the closest propensity score. Both subjects are then manually removed from the consideration for matching and the next case subject is selected.
Follow-up was carried out by surgeons and oncologists. Patients underwent regular clinical assessments and laboratory testing with tumour marker determination (CEA, Ca 19-9, and Ca 72-4 from the year 2012) and abdominal ultrasound every three months for the first two years, then every six months for three years, and yearly afterwards until death. After one year, every patient had a routine upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy and chest X-ray. In case of recurrence suspicion, additional computer tomography imaging or positron emission computer tomography was performed. Barium studies were performed in case of dysphagia.
The presence of a relapse was determined by means of imaging studies, including computer tomography, or in doubtful and inconclusive cases after negative computer tomography in patients with elevated tumour markers or high suspicion for recurrence, positron emission tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was performed. If a recurrence was detected, the patient was discussed on a tumour board to determine wheatear a palliative surgical procedure, palliative oncological treatment, or best supportive care should be commended for the patient.
Primary end-point of the analysis was the 5-year overall survival and the median survival. Survival was defined as the time from the operation to the death from any cause. Secondary end-points of the study were the causes of death, prediction of response, prediction of the effect of perioperative and adjuvant treatment on perioperative morbidity and mortality, and the analysis of the tumour recurrence sites. Other secondary end-points were the correlations between disease recurrence and tumour TNM stage.
Based on the results of the MAGIC trial, a 5-year survival in the perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy group was expected to be 50% and 35% in the surgery only group. To achieve a statistical power of 80% to detect an effect at α level of 5%, at least 161 patients were needed in each group. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD and categorical variables as percentage. Continuous variables were compared with Student’s t-test for normally distributed variables; nonparametric variables were tested with Mann-Whitney’s U-test. Normality was tested with means of Q-Q plots. The correlations between variables were tested with Pearson’s bivariate correlation test, Chi square test and Student’s t-test. Variables above the threshold p value of 0.1 were included for multivariate analysis. The Cox regression model was used for primary analysis and included covariates that had a p value of more than 0.1 in univariate analysis. Estimates of treatment effect were expressed as hazard ratios with 95% confidence interval. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to determine time-to-event end-points. Differences in survivals between groups were determined with the Log-rank and Breslow tests. P value of > 0.05 was selected as the level of significance. All statistical analyses were performed on SPSS for Windows 10 v. 22 (IBM).
Four hundred eighty-two patients operated between years 1991 and 2018 were included in the study. Half of the patients (n = 241) were treated with surgery only, while the other half of the included patients (n = 241) received perioperative radio-chemotherapy/chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patient demographic and tumour characteristics were well balanced between the two groups (Table 1).
Since 2003, when perioperative and adjuvant treatment became the standard for gastric cancer patients, different types of chemotherapy regimens were used. However, the main bulk of included
patients received only two types of treatment: [i] radio-chemotherapy with capecitabine (n = 111; 46%); and [ii] perioperative chemotherapy with epirubicin, oxalliplatin and capecitabine (n = 91; 37.7%). The remaining types of chemotherapy or radio-chemotherapy regimens were applied only in less than 20% (Table 1). The perioperative treatment was completed in 71% of cases. Only 22.8% of perioperatively patients reported complications associated with their chemotherapy regimen. After preoperative treatment, 76.3% of patients proceeded to surgery and received adjuvant treatment. From these patients (n = 184), 93% completed the adjuvant treatment, with 7% patients who did not complete treatment because of location, size, depth of invasion, Lauren type, chemotherapy toxicity, poor general condition, tumour progression and noncompliance.
Clinicopathological characteristics of the gastric cancer patients
| Clinicopathological characteristic | All patients | Surgery only | Perioperative and adjuvant treatment | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 482) | (n = 241) | (n = 241) | ||
| 62.2 ± 11.2 | 62.02 ± 12.3 | 62.35 ± 9.9 | NS | |
| NS | ||||
| Male | 322 (66.8) | 153 (63.5) | 169 (70.1) | |
| Female | 160 (33.2) | 88 (36.5) | 72 (29.9) | |
| Capecitabine 111(46) | ||||
| EOX 91(37.7) | ||||
| XELOX 16(6.6) | ||||
| 5FUCP 19(7.9) | ||||
| 5FULV 3(1.2) | ||||
| Paclitaxel+CP 1(0.4) | ||||
| Distal third | 151 (31.3) | 75 (31.1) | 76 (31.5) | |
| Middle third | 226 (46.9) | 113 (46.9) | 113 (46.9) | NS |
| Proximal third | 85 (17.6) | 38 (15.8) | 47 (19.5) | |
| Whole stomach | 11 (2.3) | 7 (2.9) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Stump | 9 (1.9) | 8 (3.3) | 1 (0.4) | |
| 0.044 | ||||
| I | 188 (39) | 90 (37.3) | 98 (40.7) | |
| II | 239 (49.6) | 113 (46.9) | 126 (52.3) | |
| III | 55 (11.4) | 38 (15.8) | 17 (7.1) | |
| NS | ||||
| T0 | 6 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 4 (1.7) | |
| T1 | 62 (12.9) | 36 (14.9) | 26 (10.8) | |
| T2 | 75 (15.6) | 35 (14.5) | 40 (16.6) | |
| T3 | 266 (55.2) | 138 (57.3) | 128 (53.1) | |
| T4 | 73 (15.1) | 30 (12.4) | 43 (17.8) | |
| NS | ||||
| N0 | 158 (32.8) | 86 (35.7) | 72 (29.9) | |
| N1 | 82 (17) | 31 (12.9) | 51 (21.2) | |
| N2 | 97 (20.1) | 42 (17.4) | 55 (22.8) | |
| N3a | 89 (18.5) | 53 (22) | 36 (14.9) | |
| N3b | 56 (11.6) | 29 (12) | 27 (11.2) | |
| 0 | 8 (8) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Ia | 54 (11.2) | 35 (14.5) | 19 (7.9) | |
| Ib | 35 (7.3) | 16 (6.6) | 19 (7.9) | |
| IIa | 73 (15.1) | 36 (14.9) | 37 (15.4) | |
| IIb | 83 (17.2) | 30 (12.4) | 53 (22) | NS |
| IIc | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | |
| IIIa | 94 (19.5) | 44 (18.3) | 50 (20.7) | |
| IIIb | 79 (16.4) | 47 (19.5) | 32 (13.3) | |
| IIIc | 57 (11.8) | 30 (12.4) | 27 (11.2) | |
| IV | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| 0 | 388 (80.5) | 197 (81.7) | 191 (79.3) | NS |
| I | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| II | 44 (9.1) | 14 (5.8) | 30 (12.4) | |
| IIIa | 10 (2.1) | 3 (1.2) | 7 (2.9) | |
| IIIb | 27 (5.6) | 16 (6.6) | 11 (4.6) | |
| IV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| V | 13 (2.7) | 11 (4.6) | 2 (0.8) | |
| 25.6 ± 13.1 | 24.9 ± 13.5 | 26.3 ± 12.6 | NS | |
| 6.2 ± 9.3 | 6.8 ± 10.5 | 5.6 ± 8 | NS | |
| 59.4 ± 35.8 | 61.4 ± 38.6 | 57.6 ± 33.3 | NS | |
| 5 ± 14.5 | 4.25 ± 10.9 | 5.7 ± 16.9 | NS | |
| 135.1 ± 799.5 | 66.8 ± 287.8 | 189.9 ± 1037.3 | NS | |
| 9 (33.3) | 2 (28.6) | 7 (35) | NS | |
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS | |
** = significance was not determined, because only one group recived chemotherapy; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; EOX = Epirubicin, Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine; LN = lymph nodes. NS = no significant difference between surgical procedures; UICC = The Union for International Cancer Control Tumour Node Metastases classification; XELOX = capecitabine, oxaliplatin; 5FUCP = 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin; paclitaxel+CP = paclitaxel and cisplatin; 5FULV = 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin
After preoperative chemotherapy/radio-chemotherapy, patients proceeded to surgery. A curative resection was achieved in all cases. The type of resection was dependant on the tumour; 46.9%), total gastrectomy was performed in the majority of patients (n = 331; 64.5%). The second most prominent tumour location was the distal third of the stomach (n = 151; 31.3%). From 85 patients (17.6%) with the tumour in the proximal third, a transhiatally extended total gastrectomy with resection of the distal esophagus had to be performed in 48 patients (10%). In our hospital, all patients, excluding those with early gastric cancer, are treated with extensive D2 lymphadenectomy with the preservation of the pancreatic tail and spleen. From the included patients in this study, 92.9% received a D2 lymph node dissection. Perioperative complications occurred in 94 patients (19.5%). According to Claviene-Dindo classification, 9.1% (n = 44) were grade II, 2.1% (n = 10) were grade IIIa, and 5.6% (n = 27) were grade IIIb. The cumulative perioperative mortality was 1.2%.
Perioperative morbidity was similar between surgery only (18.3%) and perioperative and adjuvant treatment group (20.7%) (p = 0.537). Although patients treated with perioperative radio-chemotherapy/chemotherapy had more grade II complications (12.4% in the perioperative and adjuvant group
The pathological characteristics of the tumour were balanced between groups (Table 1). Most of the tumours were poorly differentiated (55.9% in surgery only
After a mean follow-up of 50.6 months (95% CI: 45.4–55.8), 55% (n = 132) of patients in the surgery only and 49.6% (n = 119) in the perioperative and adjuvant treatment group had died. In 23 (9.2% of the diseased patients) diseased patients, an autopsy was performed to determine the cause of death. Causes of death for these patients are listed in Table 1. The most common recurrence site in the autopsied patients was the peritoneal cavity (52%), followed by haematogenous spread (47%). The most common sites of hemathogenic recurrence were liver, lungs, adrenal glands and bone metastases listed in descending frequency (Table 2). Though the recurrence was determined only in 9.2% of diseased patients, we believe that the distribution of recurrence site in this group mirrors the actual recurrence sites in the 251 diseased patients.
Recorded reccurence patterns for T and N stage
| Peritoneal carcinomatosis [n (%)] | Haemathogenous spread [n (%)] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| T2 | 1 (8.3) | 4 (36.4) | 0.019 |
| T3 | 5 (41.7) | 6 (54.5) | |
| T4 | 6 (50) | 1 (9.1) | |
| N0 | 2 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | |
| N1 | 1 (8.3) | 2 (18.2) | |
| N2 | 3 (25) | 6 (54.5) | NS |
| N3a | 4 (33.3) | 1 (9.1) | |
| N3b | 2 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) |
NS = non-significant
The overall survival was significantly higher in the perioperative and adjuvant treatment group (p = 0.038) (Figure 1). The median survival in the surgery only group was 34.9 months compared to 51.7 months in the perioperative and adjuvant treatment group. The overall 5-year survival was 41.8% in the surgery only and 50.5% in the perioperative and adjuvant treatment group. The subgroup analysis revealed that only patients with the TNM stages T3 (p = 0.028) (Figure 2), N2 (p = 0.009) (Figure 3), N3b (p = 0.043) significantly benefit from perioperative and adjuvant treatment (Figure 3). For UICC stages survival analysis revealed significance for IIIa (p = 0.003) and IIIc (p = 0.03) but not for IIIb.
Figure 1
Overall survival of patients in Surgery compared to Surgery with chemotherapy group.
Surgery+CT = surgery with chemotherapy group
Figure 2
Overall survival of patients in Surgery compared to Surgery with chemotherapy group in different TNM T stages.
Surgery+CT: Surgery with chemotherapy
The multivariate analysis identified age, tumour marker Ca 19-9, UICC stage, number of positive lymph nodes and perioperative and adjuvant treatment as significant predictors (Table 3). Patients who received perioperative and adjuvant treatment had HR 0.741 (95% CI: 0.563–0.975) compared to patients in the surgery only group.
Predictors of survival
| Significance | HR | 95.0% CI for HR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Age | 0.000 | 1.024 | 1.011 | 1.037 |
| CA 19-9 | 0.016 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| UICC stage | 0.000 | 2.147 | 1.677 | 2.748 |
| Positive lymph nodes | 0.000 | 1.030 | 1.017 | 1.044 |
| Perioperative therapy | 0.032 | 0.741 | 0.563 | 0.975 |
HR = hazard ratio
The long-term results of the Dutch trial and more recently the results of the prospective randomised Taipei trial clearly confirmed the benefits of D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer treatment.20,21
Figure 3
Overall survival of patients with surgery compared to patients with surgery and chemotherapy in different TNM N stages.
Surgery+CT: surgery with chemotherapy
In order to evaluate the effects of any adjuvant treatment in an intention to treat cohort, the results should only be evaluated in the light of a standardised extensive surgery. In the present study, we compared the results of radically resected gastric cancer patients with a D2 lymphadenectomy from single European centre to their propensity score matched counterparts treated with perioperative radio-chemotherapy or chemotherapy.
In our centre, D2 lymphadenectomy is considered standard treatment. To ensure a high level of surgical quality, gastric cancer patients are treated by a group of five specialised surgeons. The included patients in the present study had a D2 lymphadenectomy performed in 92.9%, which is comparable to trials conducted in the East. The proportion of D2 lymphadenectomy resections in CLASSIC, ACTS-GS, ARTIST trials were 93% to 100%.6,13 The number of D2 lymphadenectomy procedures in our study was superior to the majority of Western studies. The proportion of D2 resection was less than 10% in the MacDonald trial, while less than 40% of patients in the MAGIC and FNCLCC study had a D2 lymphadenectomy.4,5,14 Even in a more recent European study ITACA-S, where the D2 lymph node dissection was the main goal of the study, a D2 lymphadenectomy was performed in 72%.12
The results in our analysis show the additional value of chemotherapy. The sufficient lymph node dissection allowed to evaluate the effect of multimodal treatment after D2 lymphadenectomy. Since 2003, when perioperative and adjuvant treatment was established for gastric cancer, many chemotherapy protocols were used; however, two types of perioperative and adjuvant treatment protocols dominated: perioperative radio-chemotherapy with capecitabine, and perioperative chemotherapy with epirubicin, oxalliplatin and capecitabine. While the latter protocols have recently been replaced by the FLOT (fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) protocol, the EOX and capecitabine protocols were applied in more than half of patients in the present study, with the remaining protocols being used in less than 10%. Therefore, the results mainly apply to EOX and capecitabine treatment. We could show that the tolerance to these two treatments was very high. From the patients that received neoadjuvant treatment, 76.3% proceeded to surgery. From the patients who received adjuvant treatment, 93% completed the therapy, while the remaining patients could not complete the treatment because of chemotherapy toxicity, poor general condition, tumour progression and noncompliance. Therefore, a dropout of only 29% was recorded due to treatment toxicity. These results compare favourably to other trials. MacDonald
One of the rationales for perioperative treatment is the preoperative tumour downsizing and a higher R0 rate. In our study, a response was achieved in 12%. Al-Bosse
While the preoperative effects of radio-chemotherapy/chemotherapy might be undisputed, many opponents of preoperative treatment claim that preoperative treatment could increase perioperative morbidity and mortality due to chemo/radio therapy damaged microcirculation.9 In our study, the comparison of perioperative morbidity did not confirm any significant correlation to perioperative treatment. Patients in the perioperative treatment group did not suffer from more surgical complications, nor did they experience more general complications as a result of general fatigue after perioperative treatment. The perioperative mortality in the perioperative group was at 0.4%, even less than in surgery only group (2.2%). These results indicate that the fears from perioperative treatment causing greater morbidity and mortality might be unsubstantiated.
The median survival in the perioperative and adjuvant treatment group was significantly longer than in surgery only group (51.7 months
The main limitation of our study is its retrospective nature. Although it was sufficiently powered and balanced with propensity score matching, we still must be cautious when interpreting the results. Although patients have been operated by the same group of experienced surgeons, and the surgical strategy and technique did not change since the beginning of the study period, comparison of patients from different time periods inevitably brings a certain bias to the analysis. Another drawback is the use of heterogenic perioperative regimens in our study. It is therefore difficult to determine which regimen has the best effect for D2 operated gastric cancer patients. Perhaps this question should be answered in a future study that will compare the effects of different subgroups of regimens to surgery only control group. Finally, the surgical procedures were performed in a highly specialized gastric cancer centre with five dedicated surgeons. Therefore, questions could be raised about generalisation of study findings with an extension of these results to other centres with lower caseloads.
In conclusion, our study results support the use of perioperative and adjuvant treatment in radically resected gastric cancer patients after D2 lymphadenectomy in stages IIIa and IIIc. The effects of perioperative and adjuvant treatment could be negated by the effects of the radical surgery in lower stages and by the biology of the disease in higher stages.