Bulgaria is located in southeastern Europe. The country has mainly humid continental and oceanic climates (Kottek et al., 2006; Penin, 2007). Sofia is the capital of the country and is located in western Bulgaria, in the Sofia Valley, surrounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, and Lyulin, Vitosha and Lozenska mountains to the southwest. The average altitude of the valley varies from 500 to 2290 meters and, unlike most of the European capitals, Sofia has no large rivers crossing it, but several small ones. Sofia has a humid continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature within the city is 10.6°C (Kottek et al., 2006; Penin, 2007). There are 1.5 million people living in the city and 1.7 million people living in its metropolitan area (Eurostat 2018a; 2018b).
Previous publications have shown presence of heartworm in Bulgaria. The first cases in dogs were documented in 1997 – 1999 and, since then, the presence of
These studies show the presence of heartworm in Bulgaria. However, there is a lack of current epidemiological data of canine
The present study included 80 stray dogs from different parts of the city of Sofia and its metropolitan area. The animals were captured between December 2017 and February 2018 for routine neutering campaigns that take place in Sofia. A complete record was kept for each animal, including identification, age, sex, breed and location. The inclusion criteria were being dogs over 7 months of age and had not been treated with macrocyclic lactones.
Of the included dogs, 45 % were female and 55 % were male. The age ranged from 1 to 19 years old (mean: 7.1 years). Animals were further divided into 3 groups of age, from 1 to 4 years (n=25), from 5 to 9 years (n=29), and from 10 to 19 years (n=26). There were 60 mongrel dogs and 20 pure-bred dogs. According to the distribution, 38.75 % dogs were living in the city of Sofia while 61.25 % dogs were living in the metropolitan area.
Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein of every studied animal and all the dogs were tested for circulating
The design of the study was approved by the ethical committee of Veterinary Medicine Service of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University and was carried out in accordance with the current European legislation on animal protection.
The prevalence of
Positive dogs were found from 3 to 19 years, with an average age of 8.7 years. When age ranges were considered, the highest seroprevalences were found in the oldest part of the population, with 42.3 % of positives in dogs from 10 to 19 years old, followed by 37.9 % in dogs between 5 and 9 years. The lowest number of positive cases (12 %) was represented by dogs from 1 to 4 years (p<0.05).
The prevalence was higher in the metropolitan area of Sofia (34.7 %) than in the city of Sofia (25.8 %), although the differences were not statistically significant. The distribution of the positive cases of canine heartworm in the studied area can be seen in Figure 1.
The present study reports the presence of heartworm in the stray dogs of Sofia and the metropolitan area. According to previous research, which reported prevalences from 7.4 % to 9.2 % in client-owned dogs in different regions of Bulgaria (Georgieva et al., 2001; Kirkova et al., 2007) and from 10 % to 15 % in stray dogs (Georgieva et al., 1992; 2001; Radev et al., 2016), the current results reported an increase in the prevalence of heartworm infections in the country. These results are consistent with studies that reported an increasing prevalence of
The institutions of Sofia are focused on decreasing the population of stray dogs, and there are no established control and prophylactic measures aiming to prevent the presence of different diseases, including heartworm. That is why the high prevalence reported in this study is probably influenced by the fact that all dogs were constantly exposed to mosquitoes and not receiving any prophylactic treatment. Probably, for the same reason heartworm infection was higher in the group of older animals. In 2015, it was estimated that 3844 (±10 %) stray dogs lived in the city, being one of the greatest problems of the capital (Ivanova & Gechev, 2015). Although the presence of microfilariae was not evaluated in the studied dogs, it is estimated that between 75 – 95 % of the infected dogs that do not receive chemoprophylaxis have microfilaremia (Stogdale, 1984), so these stray dogs may act as an important reservoir for heartworm, increasing the risk of infection of client-owned animals and humans living in the city.
The abundant vegetation and water reservoirs (green parks, artificial lakes and water ponds) present in the city of Sofia and in the metropolitan area may offer a perfect environment for reproduction and proliferation of the mosquito vectors which could favor the spread of the infection; furthermore, in the city of Sofia high levels of urbanization can cause the phenomenon called Urban Heat Islands (Gago et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2016) which retains heat and increase the temperature inside the city. This indirectly influences the development of
Although the results of this work cannot be determined as definitive, given the small size of the sample studied, they are undoubtedly indicative of a widespread presence of the parasite in the city and indicative of the need for a broader study. In this regard, there is a lack of studies on heartworm in client-owned pets in Sofia and, according to the results obtained in this study, a high prevalence of
There is a high risk of human dirofilariosis in areas of high canine prevalences (Simón et al., 2012; Cabrera et al., 2018). This can be observed in the increasing publication of cases of human infections by