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Feeling like a State. The Sentiments Tide of Swiss Diplomacy through the Eye of the Algorithm


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Figure 1

Count of reports in function of their number of words.Excluding stopwords, numbers and punctuation.  The average (660 words, black line) lies far beyond the median (380 words, maximum peak of count), due to a few documents exceeding 10 pages (10,000 words).
Count of reports in function of their number of words.Excluding stopwords, numbers and punctuation. The average (660 words, black line) lies far beyond the median (380 words, maximum peak of count), due to a few documents exceeding 10 pages (10,000 words).

Figure 2

Number of reports sent per city. Total French: 23,426. 1920 (thin) and August 1945 (thick) borders. (Map projection: Dymaxion).
Number of reports sent per city. Total French: 23,426. 1920 (thin) and August 1945 (thick) borders. (Map projection: Dymaxion).

Figure 3

Detail of Figure 2: Europe. (Map projection: Peirce Quincuncial).
Detail of Figure 2: Europe. (Map projection: Peirce Quincuncial).

Figure 4

Distribution of documents from selected cities, per city and time span of origin. Line colour is transparent: Light grey lines indicate one or two documents and dark lines multiple documents overlapping in the same time span. The line width is proportional to the number of tokens per document, divided by the line's length.
Distribution of documents from selected cities, per city and time span of origin. Line colour is transparent: Light grey lines indicate one or two documents and dark lines multiple documents overlapping in the same time span. The line width is proportional to the number of tokens per document, divided by the line's length.

Figure 5

Plutchik's wheel of emotions‹. The intensity of emotions weakens with distance from the centre. Similar emotions are placed next to each other and contrasting emotions opposite to each other. Complex emotions appear as combinations of the basic emotions, between the petals of main axes.
Plutchik's wheel of emotions‹. The intensity of emotions weakens with distance from the centre. Similar emotions are placed next to each other and contrasting emotions opposite to each other. Complex emotions appear as combinations of the basic emotions, between the petals of main axes.

Figure 6

The 30 most frequent polarised lemmas in the corpus, according to the original FEEL lexicon. Turquoise terms marked as positive, and red terms marked as negative. Crossed out terms reflect judgement arbitral of the lexicon authors rather than actual sentiments and were removed prior to further analysis. The full list of removed terms is in the Annex.
The 30 most frequent polarised lemmas in the corpus, according to the original FEEL lexicon. Turquoise terms marked as positive, and red terms marked as negative. Crossed out terms reflect judgement arbitral of the lexicon authors rather than actual sentiments and were removed prior to further analysis. The full list of removed terms is in the Annex.

Figure 7

Evolution of final salutations.
Evolution of final salutations.

Figure 8

Number of texts expressing each given sentiment. Histogram. n=27,000.Here, we also include texts from wide time spans.
Number of texts expressing each given sentiment. Histogram. n=27,000.Here, we also include texts from wide time spans.

Figure 9

Evolution of mean document frequency of crisis-related lemmas.
Evolution of mean document frequency of crisis-related lemmas.

Figure 10

Evolution of mean document frequency of Fascism- and Nazism-related lemmas. These encompass nazisme, nazi, naziste, antinazisme, fasciste, fascisme, fascisation and anti-fasciste.
Evolution of mean document frequency of Fascism- and Nazism-related lemmas. These encompass nazisme, nazi, naziste, antinazisme, fasciste, fascisme, fascisation and anti-fasciste.

Figure 11

Evolution of mean document frequency of terms related to war and reconstruction, including reconstruire and régénérer.
Evolution of mean document frequency of terms related to war and reconstruction, including reconstruire and régénérer.

Figure 12

Indicators of negative sentiments: negative, fear, sadness, anger. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Annotations: maximum Tokyo (A) and maximum Stockholm (B).
Indicators of negative sentiments: negative, fear, sadness, anger. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Annotations: maximum Tokyo (A) and maximum Stockholm (B).

Figure 13

50 polar lemmas with the largest D between 1940 and 1944 frequencies and all time frequency average. Polarity is given by colour. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time average, and positive values represent terms that appear more.
50 polar lemmas with the largest D between 1940 and 1944 frequencies and all time frequency average. Polarity is given by colour. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time average, and positive values represent terms that appear more.

Figure 14

Evolution of sentiment intensity defined as (positive + negative)/total of tokens excepting stopwords. Loess smoothing applied. Global average in thick dark grey.
Evolution of sentiment intensity defined as (positive + negative)/total of tokens excepting stopwords. Loess smoothing applied. Global average in thick dark grey.

Figure 15

Demonstration march against strike-breakers in Ådalen, Lunde, on May 14th 1931, 3PM, gathering 3,000 people. A few minutes later, five people were killed by bullets fired by troops. Photo: IT News Agency / Scanpix.
Demonstration march against strike-breakers in Ådalen, Lunde, on May 14th 1931, 3PM, gathering 3,000 people. A few minutes later, five people were killed by bullets fired by troops. Photo: IT News Agency / Scanpix.

Figure 16

Stockholm. Frequency D of polarised lemmas between the 1928 and 1932 period and all time Stockholm average. Colour indicates polarity. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time Stockholm average; positive values denote terms that appear more.
Stockholm. Frequency D of polarised lemmas between the 1928 and 1932 period and all time Stockholm average. Colour indicates polarity. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time Stockholm average; positive values denote terms that appear more.

Figure 17

Co-occurrence network of most frequent lemmas in reports from Stockholm, 1928-1932. We have kept only politically relevant lemmas in this visualisation (excluding e. g. ›année‹ or ›voir‹). We applied Fruchterman–Reingold network layout, meaning that strongly linked lemmas are close to each other on the graphic. Edge weights show lemma co-occurrence frequency; circle sizes are proportional to lemma frequency. Polarised lemmas, marked in red and turquoise, reflect the sentiments expressed when reporting on these topics.
Co-occurrence network of most frequent lemmas in reports from Stockholm, 1928-1932. We have kept only politically relevant lemmas in this visualisation (excluding e. g. ›année‹ or ›voir‹). We applied Fruchterman–Reingold network layout, meaning that strongly linked lemmas are close to each other on the graphic. Edge weights show lemma co-occurrence frequency; circle sizes are proportional to lemma frequency. Polarised lemmas, marked in red and turquoise, reflect the sentiments expressed when reporting on these topics.

Figure 18

Selected nodes from the semantic network of Figure 17, showing only the part of the network related to social movements. Socialism and the working class movement are particularly important topics in this period.
Selected nodes from the semantic network of Figure 17, showing only the part of the network related to social movements. Socialism and the working class movement are particularly important topics in this period.

Figure 19

Indicators of disgust and surprise. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Indicators of disgust and surprise. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 20

Indicators marking positive sentiments: positive, compound and joy. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Indicators marking positive sentiments: positive, compound and joy. The thick grey line reflects average of all cities shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 21

Washington. Frequency D of polarised lemmas in the 1940–1944 period and all time Washington average. Colour indicates sentiment polarity. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time Stockholm average; positive values denote terms that appear more.
Washington. Frequency D of polarised lemmas in the 1940–1944 period and all time Washington average. Colour indicates sentiment polarity. Negative values on the x-axis denote terms that appear less in that period than in all time Stockholm average; positive values denote terms that appear more.

Figure 22

Frequency of lemmas associated with joy in London, 1932-1936.
Frequency of lemmas associated with joy in London, 1932-1936.

j.ADHI-2018-0044.tab.002.w2aab2b8ab1b7b1ab1b8b1Aa

NegativeFearSadnessAnger
FeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequency
1pouvoir120,136gouvernement82,146dernier38,322politique70,722
2contre41,728dernier38,322vouloir34,420contre41,728
3dernier38,322vouloir34,420guerre32,865guerre32,865
4vouloir34,420guerre32,865aucun25,146militaire24,566
5guerre32,865prendre31,759problème19,672communiste23,137
6moins25,810militaire24,566seul18,545armer21,962
7aucun25,146communiste23,137étranger18,438problème19,672
8militaire24,566armer21,962sujet18,063seul18,545
9communiste23,137problème19,672faillir15,922sujet18,063
10armer21,962seul18,545socialiste14,741demander15,681
11problème19,672étranger18,438rien14,031socialiste14,741
12non19,430déclarer14,988peu13,683chose12,721
13seul18,545condition14,803fin12,100régime12,562
14étranger18,438socialiste14,741laisser11,581troupe11,277
15sujet18,063chose12,721porter11,379défense9741
16faillir15,922régime12,562petit11,008ligne9486
17demander15,681trop12,556charger10,391lutte9002
18rien14,031fin12,100concerner10,001opposition8943
19peu13,683troupe11,277lutte9002manière8305
20ancien13,107charger10,391occuper8154occuper8154
21suivant12,950concerner10,001difficulté7941poursuivre7909
22chose12,721défense9741poursuivre7909vis7830
23régime12,562lutte9002crise7677crise7677
24trop12,556particulier8405art7386conflit7545
25attendre12,530exposer8179difficile7327coup7373
26fin12,100poursuivre7909contraire7143contraire7143
27laisser11,581crise7677mentir6798soumettre7108
28troupe11,277coup7373perdre6657armes7036
29petit11,008craindre7364opposer6520mentir6798
30charger10,391contraire7143nécessiter5826provoquer6630
31concerner10,001montrer7066estime5582opposer6520
32lutte9002armes7036ennemi5471campagne6432
33opposition8943différent6943mort5458imposer6226
34manière8305perdre6657tendance5200charge5689
35exposer8179opposer6520mal5064matière5662
36occuper8154gauche6438obligation5014ennemi5471
37besoin8089campagne6432division4967menace5190
38extérieur8051imposer6226danger4928propagande5001
39difficulté7941voyage5886incident4834division4967
40poursuivre7909éviter5790sérieux4825sérieux4825
41crise7677confiance5729soldat4789soldat4789
42conflit7545arrêter5726prétendre4704prétendre4704
43total7478charge5689quitter4639appel4656
44coup7373empêcher5623vote4627quitter4639
45craindre7364ennemi5471tâche4559vote4627
46difficile7327police5394manquer4521extrême4598
47note7265opération5337voter4468voter4468
48malgré7185menace5190estimer4415défendre4389
49contraire7143dépense5087peine4382exiger4377
50soumettre7108obligation5014doute4376tirer4348
51armes7036propagande5001tirer4348impôt4275
52mentir6798danger4928impôt4275vice4266
53servir6794obliger4886somme4261tour4253
54perdre6657incident4834revenu4254exécution4244
55provoquer6630sérieux4825exécution4244mauvais4189
56refuser6612soldat4789mauvais4189histoire4162
57opposer6520prétendre4704histoire4162accuser4134
58gauche6438appel4656accuser4134tribunal4129
59imposer6226quitter4639étendre4113colonie4127
60bien_que6135extrême4598impossible4109étendre4113
61éviter5790tâche4559pression4022pression4022
62arrêter5726maréchal4545terrain3969conseiller4013
63charge5689manquer4521radical3968revanche4000
64matière5662marchandise4425siège3891terrain3969
65empêcher5623doute4376dette3851adversaire3940
66ennemi5471tirer4348subir3730siège3891
67mort5458exécution4244modifier3720renforcer3779
68période5347mauvais4189occupation3677agression3719
69opération5337masse4156revenir3639saisir3660
70menace5190accuser4134compromettre3630abandonner3591
71dépense5087tribunal4129grave3612moral3467
72mal5064colonie4127abandonner3591communisme3412
73obligation5014étendre4113communisme3412copie3403
74propagande5001pression4022noir3250posséder3357
75division4967conseiller4013oublier3222participation3321
76danger4928assurance3970retirer3220noir3250
77juger4907terrain3969causer3108insister3208
78obliger4886avance3940ignorer3090grève3109
79incident4834adversaire3940condamner3085anti3067
80soldat4789risque3938limiter3053limiter3053
81alors_que4755siège3891perte3033pierre3049
82prétendre4704surprendre3862tomber3025perte3033
83appel4656agression3719neutre3019armement2996
84quitter4639occupation3677dépasser2938attaquer2923
85extrême4598saisir3660diminuer2886atomique2889
86tâche4559grave3612se_rendre2855évident2829
87manquer4521abandonner3591tarif2824tarif2824
88tonne4483vif3559dangereux2788rang2792
89peine4382sort3534terme2786dangereux2788
90exiger4377communisme3412exclure2728argent2773
91doute4376posséder3357laisse2677exclure2728
92impôt4275changer3295échec2676allusion2704
93vice4266noir3250blesser2584laisse2677
94somme4261oublier3222faute2574résistance2661
95exécution4244condamner3085nuit2540menacer2654
96mauvais4189secret3055interdire2531jeter2628
97histoire4162perte3033modification2518blesser2584
98masse4156tomber3025combat2517interdire2531
99accuser4134neutre3019prisonnier2516combat2517
100colonie4127armement2996recette2508prisonnier2516

j.ADHI-2018-0044.tab.001.w2aab2b8ab1b7b1ab1b7b1Aa

PositiveJoySurpriseDisgust
FeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequencyFeatureFrequency
1gouvernement82,146Bien39,114nouveau44,621pouvoir120,136
2pays71,717premier30,291prendre31,759politique70,722
3politique70,722économique23,352aucun25,146non19,430
4état51,399partie20,882problème19,672seul18,545
5ministre49,981obtenir12,580travail1 7 , 5 2 9étranger18,438
6général46,573vie10,601actuel16,036sujet18,063
7grand42,568reprendre9757possible14,526socialiste14,741
8président42 563créer9130trop12,556chose12,721
9devoir42,539rappeler9038présent12,162intérieur11,474
10bien39,114intéresser7873occasion11,784manière8305
11monsieur37,140libre7578prévoir10,211mentir6798
12donner31,156date6653bon9315opposer6520
13jour31,087spécial6466particulier8405gauche6438
14premier30,291succès6375exposer8179éviter5790
15sou29,896favorable5349crise7677matière5662
16situation29,196jouer5119liberté7647ennemi5471
17mettre28,808offrir4705art7386mort5458
18trouver28,551réussir4574malgré7185congrès4882
19part27,794terminer4559différent6943incident4834
20allemand27,019gagner4235événement6724économie4803
21droit26,471organe4149perdre6657tâche4559
22rapport26,430enfant3908indépendance6528vice4266
23peuple24,785contribuer3858circonstance5892tour4253
24affaire24,605considérable3820voyage5886mauvais4189
25national24,467faciliter3647second5806accuser4134
26savoir24,337maintien3464arrêter5726tribunal4129
27économique23,352existence3430charge5689étendre4113
28année23,226satisfaction3428apprendre5171adversaire3940
29temps22,814posséder3357incident4834modifier3720
30mesure22,341heureux3309pacifique4795compromettre3630
31nation22,102accueillir3154espoir4702abandonner3591
32lieu21,594naître3100appel4656vif3559
33public21,293aboutir2760quitter4639copie3403
34moment21,143satisfaire2655vote4627posséder3357
35partie20,882profit2546voter4468air3285
36membre20,871avancer2438tirer4348noir3250
37effet19,515atmosphère2240jeune4334ignorer3090
38foi19,385bénéfice2211tour4253anti3067
39tenir19,125libérer2116parer4081parvenir3031
40rendre19,021énergie1951terrain3969dépasser2938
41sembler18,886bonnes1924immédiatement3950évident2829
42article18,850arriver_à1909avance3940tarif2824
43intérêt18,316santé1894expérience3924exclure2728
44croire18,236pro1865siège3891échec2676
45paix18,115majesté1607surprendre3862menacer2654
46ambassadeur17,546remercier1606agression3719blesser2584
47travail17,529facilement1575saisir3660faute2574
48international17,480bénéficier1502grave3612modification2518
49conférence17,280songer1462vif3559prisonnier2516
50permettre17,009accomplir1455inviter3510moindre2469
51accord16,706saluer1449conservateur3493socialisme2378
52traiter16,625théâtre1350immédiat3459suffisant2368
53agir16,531prospérité1328tenter3375séparer2339
54raison16,433vaincre1313souhaiter3358violent2334
55relation16,387féliciter1247inspirer3251souffrir2331
56république16,367opportun1233rencontrer3153faible2328
57moyen16,149concert1197attribuer3108finalement2216
58million15,794fille1179chance3067sacrifice2206
59conseil15,726rétablissement1158secret3055écarter2174
60commission15,714vacance1144attaquer2923éprouver2160
61compte15,634joie1136dangereux2788hostile2154
62monde15,620énergique1120argent2773nul2115
63fort15,416interpréter1079pousser2747dépit2108
64déclarer14,988précieux1052rencontre2720foule2081
65opinion14,964considérablement1046extraordinaire2706FAUX2054
66produire14,951remarquable1027allusion2704offensif2006
67union14,936bien_être960exception2681rejeter2005
68suivre14,893triomphe928rapide2639dur1985
69socialiste14,741animer913attirer2509hostilité1929
70parler14,658bis906trouble2385con1856
71loi14,597disponible871violent2334sanction1856
72entendre14,595heureusement863unique2324charbon1850
73possible14,526congé845aborder2278pli1843
74également14,064rassurer842monnaie2218reproche1802
75personne14,056songe821finalement2216prétexte1785
76service13,908paye798démission2144accusation1778
77comprendre13,779doter795historique2107possession1727
78nombre13,616le_meilleur790frapper2094sensible1694
79recevoir13,612célébrer773organisme2088prolonger1588
80puissance13,573inaugurer748foule2081dictature1568
81déclaration13,560triompher725encourager2054reprocher1549
82ordre13,474sourire702obstacle2045tort1501
83penser13,470content679tourner1987sang1489
84connaître13,268salon676jeunesse1923suppression1421
85assurer13,026bonheur673cacher1872sol1417
86organisation12,929courtoisie646prier1866retard1410
87journal12,811aisé626bombe1817riche1398
88action12,795avantageux620secours1803détenir1377
89lettre12,752amnistie594franc1783rumeur1366
90représentant12,671vigueur591rupture1776taire1339
91suite12,586éclat579chute1742dénoncer1330
92obtenir12,580visiteur579peur1733maladie1310
93surtout12,579victorieux569constant1684négatif1275
94chine12,362repos567urgence1620criminel1242
95présent12,162combler561compléter1597dommage1240
96aller12,073accéder556éclater1594mécontentement1235
97position11,918fleur554sincère1558malheureux1223
98occasion11,784repartir554enthousiasme1556repousser1223
99assembler11,749bienvenu551vague1547haine1220
100discours11,702jardin537surgir1478avocat1210
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