Residents as teachers: optimizing the benefit of a difficult airway management simulation session

	Teacher group (n = 16)	Hot-seat group (n = 16)	Observer group (n = 16)	P
The reality of the simulation session^a	4.25 ± 0.58	4.37 ± 0.62	4.12 ± 0.50	0.466
Knowledge gain during preparation period^a	4.50 ± 0.63	3.87 ± 0.88	4.19 ± 0.65	0.065
Knowledge gain during simulation session^a	4.00 ± 0.63	4.31 ± 0.47	4.19 ± 0.54	0.287
Knowledge gain during debriefing^a	4.31 ± 0.70	4.37 ± 0.50	4.31 ± 0.70	0.951
Overall adequate knowledge gain^a	4.18 ± 0.54	4.12 ± 0.62	4.06 ± 0.44	0.808
Overall satisfaction^a	4.37 ± 0.50	4.31 ± 0.47	4.18 ± 0.46	0.511

Group	Within group comparison

	Pretest vs posttest score	Pretest vs retention test score	Posttest vs retention test score
Teacher group^a	3.12 ± 0.39, P < 0.001	2.06 ± 0.73, P = 0.039	1.06 ± 0.62, P = 0.325
Hot-seat group^a	1.23 ± 0.39, P = 0.02	1.06 ± 0.49, P = 0.146	0.18 ± 0.51, P = 1
Observer group^a	1.37 ± 0.65, P = 0.156	1.19 ± 0.61, P = 0.208	0.19 ± 0.52, P = 1

	Teacher group (n = 16)	Hot-seat group (n = 17)	Observer group (n = 16)	P
Pretest score^a	13.93 ± 1.48	14.41 ± 1.94	13.37 ± 2.39	0.338
Posttest score^a	17.06 ± 1.23	15.64 ± 1.54	14.75 ± 2.57	0.004^*
Retention test score^a	16.00 ± 2.00	15.47 ± 1.87	14.56 ± 2.16	0.135
g₁^a	0.51 ± 0.22	0.18 ± 0.32	0.17 ± 0.47	0.012^^,^*
g₂^a	0.28 ± 0.44	0.12 ± 0.43	0.10 ± 0.57	0.529

	Teacher group (n = 16)	Hot-seat group (n = 17)	Observer group (n = 16)	P
Age (years)
25–30	15	17	16	0.35
>30	1
Sex
Male	2	2	2	0.99
Female	14	15	14
Grade point average
2.5–3.0	1	3	2	0.86
3.0–3.5	12	11	10
>3.5	3	3	4
Postgraduate year
2	9	6	9	0.38
3	7	11	7
Simulation experience
1–2 times	1	2	0	0.52
3–5 times	12	11	10
>5 times	3	4	6

Publication timeframe:: 6 times per year
Journal Subjects:: Medicine, Assistive Professions, Nursing, Basic Medical Science, other, Clinical Medicine