<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper presents results of research based on analysis of marine icing nomograms, models and charts using in the sea navigation. The problem of ships icing occurs in specific weather and geographical conditions. Every year numbers of vessels navigate in these areas meet a phenomenon of icing. Ice on decks of ships can be formed from fresh water or sea (salt) water. Ships operating in waters where the phenomime of icing is occurred use for safety navigation icing nomograms and icing charts. Icing charts are created based on icing models.The main aim of the article is to perform a review of currently used in the sea navigation icing nomograms and icing maps, based on icing models, used in navigation to depict the phenomenon of icing.</abstract>

Phenomenon of Icing and a Review of Ice Accretion Nomograms, Models and Charts in Navigation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The purpose of this article is to present selected threats that may affect the security of IT systems caused by cyberattacks coming from cyberspace, as well as to prescribe the results that could be caused by the failure to implement security measures to protect information system (IS).</abstract>

Cyberattack — Examples of Threats

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In the paper, there has been constructed a discrete model of the non-classical Bittner operational calculus with a derivative understood as the operation <italic>S</italic><italic>b</italic>{x(k)} := {<italic>x(k</italic>+<italic>n)</italic> − <italic>b(k)x(k)</italic>}, which is a generalization of the <italic>n</italic>th-order forward difference. It has also been pointed out that there is a possibility to generalize operational calculus models with backward and central differences of higher orders.</abstract>

A Generalization of Difference Models of the Bittner Operational Calculus

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In the field of communication on land and in the air, there are already functioning fully or partially autonomous devices. However, it is difficult to point to similar solutions regarding autonomous systems, especially in military applications.The article formulates development perspectives for marine autonomous systems in military applications, taking into account achieved benefits, requirements and development restrictions. Many interesting places devoted to the security of autonomous systems, on the clear improvement of the security situation with the above-mentioned systems, equipment and machines for maintenance, management devices, autonomous systems, controls and controls, devices for carrying out operations.The recommendations indicate the need to implement joint projects in the field of the development of autonomous marine technologies and are critical in the previous activities undertaken in this field of research.</abstract>

Perspectives of Autonomous Systems in Military Applications

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The article presents the general organization and operating principles of the national departmental standardization system. The characteristics of the tasks carried out in the area of defense and security, in the new formal, legal, and organizational conditions related to the passive defense of the Polish Navy ships are presented. In addition, the article contains a brief description of standardization documents in the area of national defense applied in the Armed Forces of Poland. One of the areas related to the passive defense and measurements of physical fields in the Polish Navy was also indicated.Normalization is a way by which the Polish Navy can support the development of the military potential through the introduction of new equipment and weapons, which also contributes to the development of scientific research.</abstract>

Review of Normative Documents Applicable in Polish Navy in the Field of Measurement and Minimalization of Ships Physical Fields

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Maritime Technical Journal

 Scientific Journal of Polish Naval Academy has been published since 1959 (in electronic version since 2004). Every year four volumes are published. In this Journal Authors publish their original and previously unpublished scientific articles in the area of technical sciences in English. All the articles contain Polish summaries and key words. All the articles are reviewed by two reviewers. The list of reviewers is published once a year. The Journal has online and printed versions. Why subscribe and read  In the Journal one can find original scientific articles from technical fields, mainly Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Geodesy and Cartography. ‘Scientific Journal of Polish Naval Academy’ is an excellent platform for exchanging knowledge and experiences for scientists and experts. Each new issue of the Journal contains articles which present high quality research results of Polish specialists and is an excellent source of professional knowledge for the recipients.  Why submit  Our Journal offers review procedure and short deadlines between sending of the article and approval for publication. All articles are available in Open Access.  The journal has no article processing charges (APCs) and submission processing charges.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 