<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Celiac disease is a permanent enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten, a protein occurring in wheat, rye, and barley. Gluten-free products often have a shorter shelf life, lower quality, and not so pronounced flavour. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new gluten-free products with higher quality and pronounced taste. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of soy flour on the yellow maize-amaranth dough rheological properties and bread quality. To determine the influence of soy flour on gluten-free dough rheological properties and bread quality, soy flour was added at 45%, 50% and 60% to yellow maize flour basis. To study the effect of the amount of water used in the recipe on dough rheological properties and bread quality, each sample (n=7) was prepared in two versions: one with the dough yield 196, and the other with the dough yield 252. The main quality parameters of dough and bread were determined using the following methods: the firmness and resilience of dough, as well as the hardness of bread slice – with a TA.XT.plus Texture Analyser; moisture content of dough – with a thermostat; moisture content of bread crumb – with a Precisa XM 120 at the temperature of 110 °C; and color of bread crumb – in the CIE L*a*b* color system using a ColorTec-PCM/PSM. The best results of dough rheological properties were obtained for samples with dough yield 196, but the best quality of bread – for samples with dough yield 252. It was proved that soy flour improves not only the dough firmness and resilience but also the volume, texture, hardness, moisture content and color of gluten-free bread. No significant differences in the influence of soy flour on dough rheological properties and bread quality were found between the samples with various added amounts of soy flour (45%, 50%, or 60%).</abstract>

The Use of Soy Flour in Yellow Maize-Amaranth Gluten-free Bread Production

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of freezing, thickening and storage on the physical properties of the strawberry desserts made with addition of various hydrocolloids. The strawberry cultivars ‘Polka’, ‘Honeoye’, and ‘Senga Sengana’ harvested in Latvia were used in the study. The strawberries were processed in a blender for obtaining a homogenous mass. The strawberry mass was analyzed fresh and after storage at -18 °C. Both fresh and frozen strawberry mass samples with added gelatine, xanthan gum, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were whisked until obtaining dessert. For determination of the optimum hydrocolloid amount, sensory evaluation was done using a five-point hedonic scale. Moisture, soluble solids content, density, and pH of the product were determined. Apparent viscosity was measured using a rotational viscometer DV–III Ultra. Consistency of the dessert during its storage was evaluated using a texture analyser TA.XT.plus. The results of sensory evaluation allow concluding that in order to provide the most acceptable consistency, colour, and taste of strawberry dessert, the optimum quantity of carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan gum to be added is 0.6% and that of gelatine is 6%. During freezing, the soluble solids content and pH level decreased in the strawberry mass, whereas the addition of hydrocolloids increased these values. The moisture content in strawberry puree, in its turn, as a result of freezing increased under the influence of syneresis, but added hydrocolloids, on the contrary, decreased this influence. Also the viscosity and consistency of the strawberry puree prepared from the researched cultivars decreased under the influence of freezing, whereas the addition of hydrocolloids increased both the values, making the strawberry dessert firmer. The research suggests that strawberry dessert with gelatine had the most pronounced changes during storage, but strawberry dessert with added xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose changed the least.</abstract>

Department of Nutrition, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

Department of Food Technology, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

Department of Languages, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

The Effect of Freezing and Hydrocolloids on the Physical Parameters of Strawberry Mass-Based Desserts

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In brewing, the raw materials that give the beer its specific colour, taste, and aroma are hop, barley malt, yeast, and water. However, these traditional raw materials can be partially or completely replaced with other products. A possibility of replacing hops with parts of plants (oak bark or acorn, yarrow, and wormwood) rich in bitter substances was researched. During the wort boiling process, hops were replaced with 0.2 g L-1 of oak bark, or acorn, or yarrow, or wormwood. As a result, the four beer drinks produced were analysed for the degree of liking and the intensity of sensory properties (turbidity, aroma, malt aroma, brown colour, and astringency) according to ISO 4121:2003. All beer drinks were designated by uppercase letters: A – beer drink with yarrow; B – with oak bark; C – with oak acorn; and D – with wormwood. A total of 25 assessors (18 women and 8 men), with the average age of 35 years, participated in the sensory evaluation of beer drinks. No significant differences in the degree of liking (<italic>p</italic>>0.05) were established among beer drinks with yarrow, with oak bark or acorn. The added hop substitutes had a significant effect (<italic>p</italic>&lt; 0.05) on the intensity of turbidity, malt aroma, bitterness, and astringency of the four beer drinks. According to the assessors’ evaluation, the wormwood beer drink had an overly strong, bitter taste. Therefore, a conclusion was drawn that the concentration of wormwood should be reduced in the wort during its boiling process.</trans-abstract>

LLU Ķīmijas katedra, Department of Chemistry, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

LLU Pārtikas tehnoloģijas katedra, Department of Food Technology, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

Alus dzērienu sensorais novērtējums Sensory Evaluation of Beer Drinks

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This study was done to evaluate the number of gastric mucoid epitheliocytes and parietal cells in relation to the amount of helicobacteria in the fundic gland region of 30 domestic dogs (<italic>Canis familiaris</italic>) Gastric mucosa samples were taken from the fundic gland region in eight strictly determined places to detect helicobacteria in 10 microscopic visual fields by histological examination, to find out the quantity of helicobacteria at the superficial epithelium, in gastric pits, and in fundic glands by classifying it as absent, mild, moderate, and severe, as well as to evaluate the number of mucoid epitheliocytes of the gastric superficial–pit epithelium and of the parietal cells of fundic glands. Out of all examined 2400 microscopic visual fields, mild and moderate amounts of helicobacteria localizing mainly at the superficial epithelium and in gastric pits were detected in 69.0–77.5% of cases, and only in around 20% of cases they were found in different amounts deeper into the fundic glands. The number of mucoid epitheliocytes (199±20 cells in one visual field) was only slightly larger in places with a severe amount of helicobacteria compared to places with no helicobacteria (195±16 mucoid epitheliocytes in one visual field). Also the number of parietal cells in the fundic glands did not differ markedly among the places with different amounts of helicobacteria; however, in places with a severe amount of helicobacteria, parietal cell count tended to decrease to 76±8 cells in one visual field, but in places free from helicobacteria there were 83±9 parietal cells in one visual field.</abstract>

Evaluation of the Number of Gastric Mucoid Epitheliocytes and Parietal Cells in Relation to the Amount of Helicobacteria in the Fundic Gland Region of Domestic Dogs (Canis Familiaris)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Polyphenol compounds are very important components of cider – they are responsible for the colour and the bitterness and astringency balance of cider. The polyphenolic profile of apples and apple drinks is influenced by several factors: apple variety, climate, maturity, and technological processes applied. This research paper concerns the influence of apple variety on the phenolic compounds and sensory properties of cider. Fermentation of 12 varieties of apple juice with <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> yeast ‘71B-1122’ (Lalvin, Canada) was performed in a laboratory of the Faculty of Food Technology of the Latvia University of Agriculture. The total phenol content (TPC) was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Individual phenolic compounds were analysed using HPLC. Sensory properties (clarity, the apple, fruit and yeast aroma, the apple and yeast taste, sourness, astringency, and bitterness) were evaluated by trained panelists using a line scale. Special attention was paid to the use of dessert apples for the production of cider. The most important sensory properties of cider are the aroma and taste of apples and fruit. All cider samples showed the intensity of apple aroma ranging from 5.3 to 7.6 points, and higher results were obtained for cider from the bvariety ‘Auksis’ apples. The TPC in cider samples varied from 792.68 to 3399.78 mg L-1: Among crab apples, the highest TPC was detected in ciders made from the ‘Hyslop’ and ’Riku’ varieties, whereas among dessert apples, the highest TPC was detected in ciders made from the ‘Antonovka’ variety. Among the twelve phenols identified in cider samples, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were the dominating ones. Variation in the sensory properties of ciders was dependent on the physicochemical composition of the apples used.</abstract>

Department of Chemistry, LLU, Liela iela 2, Jelgava LV–3001, Latvia

Phenolic Composition and Sensory Properties of Ciders Produced from Latvian Apples

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Raw milk is an ideal growth medium for microorganisms (including many fungal species), as such milk provides all necessary nutrients and conditions for their growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity of microscopic fungi in the milk obtained in Latvian organic farms depending on cow herd size and season. The study was carried out on 547 milk samples taken from 14 organic dairy farms from December 2011 to November 2012. The farms were divided into three groups according to herd size: small (S - 3-30 cows per shed), medium (M – 31–60 cows per shed), and large (L – 61–120 cows per shed). Milk samples from all four quarters in the same sampling tube were studied. Yeasts and moulds were found in 63.1% and 44.2% of samples, respectively. The identified mould strains belonged to 15 genera - most frequently to <italic>Absidia, Aspergillus, Apophysomyces, Mucor, Penicillium</italic>, and <italic>Rhizopus spp</italic>. The highest occurrence of yeasts and moulds was in L herds (73.6% and 50.9%, respectively). Also, milk samples from L herds had the greatest degree of yeast and mould contamination (5.3 and 2.8 log CFU mL-1, respectively). It was found that the occurrence of yeasts was similar by seasons (54.9–68.9%), varying from 5.5 log CFU mL-1 in winter to 2.1–3.3 log CFU mL-1 in other seasons. The occurrence of moulds was the highest in spring (61.6%) and autumn (58.5%), but in winter and summer it was twice lower. The milk samples obtained in winter and summer contained more mould colonies (2.7 and 2.5 log CFU mL-1, respectively) than those obtained in spring and autumn (1.8–1.3 log CFU mL-1, respectively).</abstract>

Diversity of Microscopic Fungi in the Raw Milk from Latvian Organic Farms

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 50 (2023): Issue 345 (December 2023)

Volume 49 (2023): Issue 344 (August 2023)

Volume 48 (2022): Issue 343 (December 2022)

Volume 47 (2022): Issue 342 (August 2022)

Volume 46 (2021): Issue 341 (December 2021)

Volume 45 (2021): Issue 340 (August 2021)

Volume 44 (2020): Issue 339 (December 2020)

Volume 43 (2020): Issue 338 (August 2020)

Volume 42 (2019): Issue 337 (December 2019) Rural Sustainability Research

Volume 41 (2019): Issue 336 (August 2019)

Volume 40 (2018): Issue 335 (December 2018)

Volume 39 (2018): Issue 334 (August 2018)

Volume 38 (2017): Issue 333 (November 2017)

Volume 37 (2017): Issue 332 (July 2017)

Volume 36 (2016): Issue 331 (December 2016)

Volume 35 (2016): Issue 330 (June 2016)

Volume 34 (2015): Issue 329 (December 2015) Rural Sustainability Research

Volume 33 (2015): Issue 1 (July 2015)

Volume 32 (2014): Issue 1 (December 2014)

Volume 31 (2014): Issue 1 (July 2014)

Volume 30 (2013): Issue 1 (December 2013)

Volume 29 (2013): Issue 1 (January 2013)

Volume 28 (2013): Issue 1 (February 2013)

Volume 27 (2012): Issue 1 (January 2012)

Rural Sustainability Research

 The scientific journal Rural Sustainable Research (ONLINE ISSN 2256-0939) of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies is a peer-reviewed journal intended for the publication of wide-spectrum original research articles and reviews on topical problems of sustainable rural development. The subject matter of the journal reflects the wide range of research covering the following topics:    Sustainable Crop Production Systems;  Soil and Plant Sciences  Plant Breeding and Genetics  Plant Pathology and Protection  Forestry  Animal and Veterinary Sciences  Food Processing  Agricultural Machinery and Husbandry  Biomass and Renewable Energy  Energetic and Automation  Engineering Technologies  Material Sciences  Transport, Motor Vehicles and Fuels  Engineering Economics and Education  Sustainable Social Development  Economics, Management and Marketing  Information Technologies    All manuscripts are screened on their linguistic quality. The scientific journal Rural Sustainable Research is open access, double-blind peer-reviewed. It does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.  Scientific journal Rural Sustainable Research copyrights belong to Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 