<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Giraffe social behaviour and relationships are currently in the period of scientific renaissance, changing the former ideas of nonexisting social bonds into understanding of complex social structures of giraffe herds. Different giraffe subspecies have been studied in the wild and only one was subject of detailed study in captivity. Our study focused on the neglected Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa). We investigated the social preferences of 28 introduced giraffes in semi-captivity in Bandia reserve, Senegal. Our aim was to assess the group size of Cape giraffes outside their native range and describe their social relationships. Mean group size in Bandia was 7.22 ± 4.06 (range 2-17). The dyads were classified according to strength of relationship (weak, medium, strong) using the association index. We reported weak and medium relationships in all types of dyads except female-juvenile. The strongest bond was found in mother-calf dyads. Three of 21 possible female dyads also demonstrated strong relationships. Those three dyads included six of seven adult females, which we labelled as friends. Females associated more frequently with calves of their friends then with calves of non-friend females. The strength of the relationship between calves depended on the strength of relationship between their mothers. We concluded that Cape giraffes in new environment have shown similar group size and nonrandom preference for conspecifics as shown in wild and captive studies. The research was supported by CIGA 20135010, CIGA 2134217, IGA FTZ 20135123, ESF/MŠMT CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040.</abstract>

Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech Universityof Life Sciences Prague

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague

Social Preferences of Translocated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa) in Senegal: Evidence for Friendship Among Females?

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Loud acoustic signals of mammals may contain information about their progenitors. There is a question whether such phenomenon is possible to expect in domestic animal breeds as well, since the time of breed establishment has been a rather long one. Therefore we tested whether a significant morphological distinction of a newly established horse breed and its important founding contributor differed in their vocalization. We analyzed 304 whinnies of 35 individual horses (197 whinnies of 23 individuals belonging to Czech Warmblood and 107 calls of 12 Thoroughbreds). Despite of the fact that the two breeds differed significantly in most of their morphological measurements (height at withers, thoracic perimeter, cannon bone perimeter, and body weight), they did not differ in any of the measured acoustic parameters (both frequency and temporal ones). Our results indicate that morphological distinction of Thoroughbred and Czech Warmblood was not accompanied by distinct vocalization.</abstract>

Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic

Ethology group, Institute of Animal Science, Prague - Uhrivenes

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic

Comparative Analysis of Whinnies of Czech Warmblood and Thoroughbred Horses

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> A study on resource productivity under yam based crop mixture (YBCM) in crude and non-crude oil communities was conducted in Imo State, Nigeria. The study assessed food crops’ outputs, evaluated costs and returns, and determined the allocative efficiency of resource use under YBCM system in crude and non-crude oil producing communities. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted in selection of respondents. Primary data were obtained using a set of questionnaire on 50 YBCM farmers each from crude and non-crude oil communities. Data were analyzed using percentages, gross margin and net profit analysis, multiple regressions, t-values, and gross returns/total costs ratio. Output levels of the food crop components in YBCM system in non-crude oil producing communities were statistically and significantly higher than those of the crude oil producing communities. This agreed with results of studies that showed reduction effects of gas flaring on food crop yields in the areas. There was higher profitability in YBCM enterprise in non-crude oil producing communities than in crude oil producing communities. However, the two critical resources in farming, land and labour, the YBCM farmers in crude oil producing communities allocated these resources better than the YBCM farmers in non-crude oil producing communities. Based on the study findings the Federal and State Governments, and other oil industry stakeholders should formulate appropriate policies, programmes and conduct detailed ecological research studies that will lead to higher farm output by YBCM farmers in crude oil producing areas.</abstract>

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria

Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Resource Productivity under Yam Based Crop Mixture in Crude and Non-Crude Oil Producing Communities of Imo State, Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> This study examined the marketing of Irvingia seeds (ogbono) in Enugu state, Nigeria, especially as it concerns margins, structure and causality as well as price transmission tests. Primary data were collected from 180 respondents composed of 36 producers, 54 wholesalers and 90 retailers. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical tools including the Gini coefficient. Irvingia seed marketing margins were generally high, apparently due to poor socioeconomic environments of the actors. The margins were, however, on the average, lower than the producer’s share of the consumer spending. The result of the analysis also suggests a competitive market structure for Irvingia seed in the study area. Prices were determined at the production level of the chain, but producers were asymmetric in their price transmissions to the wholesale level. These observations suggest that policy intervention in the form of improving the socioeconomic environment under which marketing agents operate and facilitation of market information flow (which could reduce the asymmetric behaviour of producers) could improve Irvingia seed marketing in the study area.</abstract>

Structure, Causality and Price Transmission Tests in Marketing of Irvingia Seed (Ogbono) in Enugu State, Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> This article deals with official development assistance (ODA) in Central Asia and with relation of the ODA to the Millennium Development Goals. We look at present development in the sphere of poverty reduction and also at dependence between ODA and GDP growth in a selected country - Kyrgyzstan. ODA per capita and several other indicators are highest in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The time series using poverty ratio indicators for Kyrgyzstan shows that between 2004 and 2011 there was a decline in the percentage of population under the poverty line. The trend generated using analogous time series for Kazakhstan and Tajikistan is similar. However, the internal situation in the region of interest is unstable. The dependence between ODA and GDP growth apparently does not exist in the region of interest. Further aid would be appropriate to focus on development projects’ themes already successfully conducted in selected areas and selected social groups.</abstract>

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Humanities,Prague, Czech Republic

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Department of Sustainable Technologies, Prague, Czech Republic

University of Venda, School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Development Assistance and Poverty Reduction in Central Asia

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica

 Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU) and managed by the Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies. As of 2021 it is published as Open Volume, i.e. accepted articles are immediately presented on the Sciendo platform in a continuous manner, not grouped in issues any more.   The objective of the journal is to promote the science and development of animal and plant production, animal health and welfare, issues of sustainable agriculture, agriculture technology, land and water protection, forestry in tropics and subtropics, landscape, economy of agriculture and rural development in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as studies on human resources in agriculture and protection of biodiversity. Its aim is thus to help sustainable agriculture that would provide quality food for growing human population in the areas under study.   The quality of each contribution is assessed by at least two international experts in the respective field of agricultural sciences. The members of our Editorial Board are critically evaluating the revised manuscripts before final approval is issued.   ATS welcomes original research papers, review articles, and short communications that are related to all aspects of agricultural sciences and technology from all continents and cultures. It is the most friendly publishing forum for young scientists beginning to communicate their results as well as for the seasoned ones.   Scope of the journal   Plant and animal production, animal health and welfare, issues of sustainable agriculture, agriculture technology, land and water protection, forestry in tropics and subtropics, agricultural economics, and regional development in tropical and subtropical areas.   Key words   Serious, author-friendly, helpful, accurate, responsible, reliable   Why subscribe and read   Original and review articles on all aspects and hot topics in tropical agriculture are published. The aim is to support better and sustainable use of local resources such as plants, animals, and soils for human use and support biodiversity.   Why submit   Constructive, comprehensive blind peer reviews by international experts. Editorial support to authors.   Rejection Rate    Approx. 50%      Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.   BACK ISSUES:Link to previous on-line volumes of Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica (abstracts in years 1989- 2004, full texts from 2005): www.agriculturaits.czu.cz/ and www.agricultura.mendelu.cz 