A “psychopathic” Artificial Intelligence: the possible risks of a deviating AI in Education

Almohammadi, K., Hagras, H., Alghazzawi, D., Aldabbagh, G. (2017). A survey of artificial intelligence techniques employed for adaptive educational systems within e-learning platforms. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft-Computing Research, 7(1), 47-64.10.1515/jaiscr-2017-0004Search in Google Scholar

Amini, A., Soleimany, A., Schwarting, W., Bhatia, S., Rus, D., (2019). Uncovering and Mitigating Algorithmic Bias through Learned Latent Structure, Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Society.10.1145/3306618.3314243Search in Google Scholar

Athalye, A, Engstrom, L., Ilyas, A., Kwok, K., (2018). Synthesizing Robust Adversarial Examples, Proceedings of the 35 th International Conference on Machine Learning, Stockholm, Sweden, PMLR 80.Search in Google Scholar

Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee. (1966). Languages and machines: computers in translation and linguistics. A report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1966. (Publication 1416.)Search in Google Scholar

Baggaley, J. (2010). The Luddite Revolt continues. Distance Education, 31(3), 337–343.10.1080/01587919.2010.513957Search in Google Scholar

Bevilacqua, L., Capuano, N., Ceccarini, F., Corvino, F. (2009). Interfacce Utente Avanzate per l’e-learning, Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society, 5(3), 95-104.Search in Google Scholar

Bloom, B. S. (1984). The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-To-One Tutoring, Educational Researcher, 13(6), 4-16.10.3102/0013189X013006004Search in Google Scholar

Bostrom, N. (2011). Information Hazards: A Typology of Potential Harms From Knowledge. Review of Contemporary Philosophy, 10, 44-79.Search in Google Scholar

Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Caliskan, A., Bryson, J.J., Narayanan, A.(2017). Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases, Science, 183-186.10.1126/science.aal4230Search in Google Scholar

Chaudhri, V. K., Gunning, D., H. Lane, H. C., Roschelle, J. (2013). Intelligent Learning Technologies: Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Contemporary and Emerging Educational Challenges, (Introduction to the Special Articles in the Fall and Winter Issues), AI Magazine, 10-12.10.1609/aimag.v34i3.2482Search in Google Scholar

Cheung, Anne S. Y. (2015). Defaming by Suggestion: Searching for Search Engine Liability in the Autocomplete Era. in Comparative perspectives on the fundamental freedom of expression, (ed. András Koltay).Search in Google Scholar

Dermeval, D., Paiva, R., Bittencourt, I., Vassileva, J., Borges, D. (2018). Authoring Tools for Designing Intelligent Tutoring Systems: a Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 28(3), 336-384.10.1007/s40593-017-0157-9Search in Google Scholar

Friedman, B., Nissenbaum, H. (1996). Bias in computer systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 14 (3), 330-347.10.1145/230538.230561Search in Google Scholar

Goertzel, B. (2014). Artificial General Intelligence: Concept, State of the Art, and Future Prospects, Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 5(1), 1-46.10.2478/jagi-2014-0001Search in Google Scholar

Gritzalis, D., Iseppi, G., Mylonas, A., & Stavrou, V. (2018). Exiting the Risk Assessment Maze: A Meta-Survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 51(1), 11.10.1145/3145905Search in Google Scholar

IBM. (2019). IBM Watson, About. [Retrieved 10/04/2019] https://www.ibm.com/watson/about/index.html.Search in Google Scholar

Kaplan, A., Haenlein, M. (2018). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence, Business Horizons, (62)1, 15-25.10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004Search in Google Scholar

Koliska, M., Diakopoulos, N. (2018). Disclose, Decode and Demystify: An Empirical Guide to Algorithmic Transparency. The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism Studies. Eds. Scott Eldridge II and Bob Franklin.10.4324/9781315270449-20Search in Google Scholar

Kostecka-Szewc, A. (2017). Nuove tecnologie-nuove sfide alla didattica. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis, 9(3), 158-166.10.24917/20837275.9.3.15Search in Google Scholar

Larson, J., Mattu,S., Kirchner, L., Angwin, J. (2016). How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm, https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm.Search in Google Scholar

Luckin, Rose; Holmes, Wayne; Griffiths, Mark and Forcier, Laurie B. (2016). Intelligence Unleashed: An argument for AI in Education. Pearson Education, London.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Kim, H., & Serikawa, S., (2018). Brain intelligence: go beyond artificial intelligence. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23(2), 368-375.10.1007/s11036-017-0932-8Search in Google Scholar

McCulloch, W. S., & Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. The bulletin of mathematical biophysics, 5(4), 115-133.10.1007/BF02478259Search in Google Scholar

McDermott, D. (1976). Artificial intelligence meets natural stupidity. ACM SIGART Bulletin, (57), 4-9.10.1145/1045339.1045340Search in Google Scholar

McDowell Marinchak, C. L., Forrest, E., & Hoanca, B. (2018). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Personal Assistants on Marketing. In M. Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition (pp. 5748-5756). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch499.10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch499Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

McLaren, B. M., Scheuer, O., & Mikšátko, J. (2010). Supporting Collaborative Learning and e-Discussions Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 20(1), 1–46.Search in Google Scholar

McStay, A. (2018). Emotional AI: The Rise of Emphatic Media. London: Sage Publication.10.4135/9781526451293Search in Google Scholar

Michie, D. (1973). Machines and the theory of intelligence, Nature, 241(23.02.1973), 507-512.10.1038/241507a0Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, M.L., Papert,S. (1969). Perceptrons: an introduction to computational geometry, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Sage. Thousand Oaks.10.4135/9781071802878Search in Google Scholar

Newell, A & C., Shaw, J. (1957). Programming the logic theory machine. Western Computing Proceedings, 128.10.1145/1455567.1455606Search in Google Scholar

Osoba, O. A., Welser, W. (2017). The Risks of Artificial Intelligence to Security and the Future of Work. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. [Retrieved 10/04/2019] https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE237.html.10.7249/PE237Search in Google Scholar

Pistono, F., & Yampolskiy, R. V. (2016). Unethical research: how to create a malevolent artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02817.Search in Google Scholar

Rajan, K., Saffiotti, A. (2017). Towards a science of integrated AI and Robotics. Artificial Intelligence. 1-9.10.1016/j.artint.2017.03.003Search in Google Scholar

Riek, L.D., Howard, D. (2014). A Code of Ethics for the Human-Robot Interaction Profession. We Robot. 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

Scherer, M. U. (2015). Regulating artificial intelligence systems: Risks, challenges, competencies, and strategies. Harv. JL & Tech., 29, 353.10.2139/ssrn.2609777Search in Google Scholar

Schmidhuber, J. (2015). Deep learning in neural networks: An overview. Neural Networks, 61, 5-117.10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Shoham,Y., Perrault, R., Brynjolfsson, E., Clark, J., Manyika, J., Niebles, J., C., Lyons, T., Etchemendy, J., Grosz, B., Bauer, Z. (2018). The AI Index 2018 Annual Report. AI Index Steering Committee, Human-Centered AI Initiative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.Search in Google Scholar

Spitzer, M. (2013). Demenza digitale. Come la nuova tecnologia ci rende stupidi. Milano: Corbaccio.Search in Google Scholar

Sharif, M., Bhagavatula, S., Reiter, M.K., Bauer, L., (2016). Accessorize to a Crime: Real and Stealthy Attacks on State-of-the-Art Face Recognition, CCS’16 October 24-28, 2016, Vienna, Austria.10.1145/2976749.2978392Search in Google Scholar

Turing, A. M. (1937). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London mathematical society, 2(1), 230-265.10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230Search in Google Scholar

Urwin, R. (2017). Artificial Intelligence - The quest for the ultimate thinking machine. Arcturus Publishing Limited, London.Search in Google Scholar

Vannini, N., Enz, S., Sapouna, M., Wolke, D., Watson, S., Woods, S., Aylett, R. (2011). “FearNot!”: A Computer-Based Anti-Bullying-Programme Designed to Foster Peer Intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education. 26(1), 21-44.10.1007/s10212-010-0035-4Search in Google Scholar

Vivanet, G. (2014). Sull’efficacia delle tecnologie nella scuola: analisi critica delle evidenze empiriche. TD Tecnologie Didattiche, 22(2), 95-100.Search in Google Scholar

Turing, A. M. 1950. Computer Machinery and Intelligence. Mind: A quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, 433-460.10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433Search in Google Scholar

World Economic Forum, Global Risk Report, 2019. [Retrieved 10/04/2019] https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019.10.1016/S1361-3723(19)30016-8Search in Google Scholar