<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC) with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease (MIM #604004) is an autosomal recessive neurological disorder characterized by early onset macrocephaly, epilepsy, neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia and spasticity. An 8-month-old boy was admitted to our pediatric neurology clinic with macrocephaly. His brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral, diffuse, symmetric structural white matter abnormalities, relatively sparing the cerebellum and bilateral subcortical temporal cysts. The diagnosis of Van der Knaap disease was suspected based on the clinical features and imaging findings and the genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous c.768+2T>C mutation of the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene. For determination of the novel splice-site mutation’s effect, cDNA amplification was performed. cDNA analysis showed that the splice-site c.768+2T>C mutation gave rise to exon 9 skipping.</p></abstract>

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC) with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease (MIM #604004) is an autosomal recessive neurological disorder characterized by early onset macrocephaly, epilepsy, neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia and spasticity. An 8-month-old boy was admitted to our pediatric neurology clinic with macrocephaly. His brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral, diffuse, symmetric structural white matter abnormalities, relatively sparing the cerebellum and bilateral subcortical temporal cysts. The diagnosis of Van der Knaap disease was suspected based on the clinical features and imaging findings and the genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous c.768+2T>C mutation of the MLC1 gene. For determination of the novel splice-site mutation’s effect, cDNA amplification was performed. cDNA analysis showed that the splice-site c.768+2T>C mutation gave rise to exon 9 skipping.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_s_001"><div>Introduction</div>
<p>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC) with subcortical cysts (MIM #604004) is an autosomal recessive neurological disorder characterized by early onset macrocephaly, epilepsy, neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia and spasticity [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_ref_001">1</a>]. The majority of MLC cases (~75.0%) are associated with <italic>MLC1</italic> gene mutations and in a few patients (~20.0%) is associated with <italic>HEPACAM</italic> gene mutations [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_ref_002">2</a>]. In this study, we present a novel homozygous c.768+2T>C (IVS9+2T>C) splice-site mutation in the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene in a Turkish boy and a functional study showing exon 9 skipping.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_s_002"><div>Case report</div>
<p>An 8-month-old boy was admitted to our pediatric neurology clinic with macrocephaly. He was born as the third child to consanguineous parents. His developmental milestones were normal; however, his parents noted that he had a large head. At admission, his head circumference was 52 cm (>97 percentile) and his neurological examination was unremarkable. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed bilateral, diffuse, symmetric structural white matter abnormalities, relatively sparing the cerebellum and bilateral subcortical temporal cysts (<a ref-type="fig" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_001">Figure 1</a>). Routine hematological, biochemical, and blood gas analyses were normal. Metabolic tests including tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), plasma amino acids, urine organic acids, lysosomal enzyme panel and very long chain fatty acids test were all normal. The diagnosis of Van der Knaap disease was suspected based on the clinical features and imaging findings and the genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous c.768+2T>C mutation of the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene. His Denver II Developmental screening test at 16 months revealed mild delay in gross and fine motor domains and he was referred to physical therapy and rehabilitation. He began walking at 18 months of age. He is now 4 years old. His head circumference is 56 cm (>97 percentile). He has difficulties in walking alone and his family reported that they noticed recently that his speech has become slurred. On neurological examination, he has increased tonus prominent in the lower extremities associated with other pyramidal signs including increased deep tendon reflexes, extensor plantar responses and ankle clonus. His Denver II Developmental screening test revealed delay in all developmental domains mainly in gross motor domain and language is the least affected domain.</p>
<figure id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_001" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Figure 1</h2>
<figCaption><p>(a) Axial T2 weighted MRI shows bilateral, diffuse, symmetric hyperintense lesions in the cerebral white matter. (b) Axial T1 weighted MRI shows bilateral temporal cysts.</p></figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647108462b88470fbea14514/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240602T061326Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240602%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=a22edbca9e03c5f07dd5cb4fbc47ba7b793955b88f7358e237b21aa374043e80" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
</sec>
<sec id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_s_003"><div>Molecular genetic studies</div>
<p>All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Ethics Committee of Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey, and informed written consent was obtained from parents. DNA was isolated from leucocytes. All coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene were sequenced using the MiSeq system (Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). Total mRNA was isolated using the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and reverse-transcribed using the QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen GmbH) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The cDNA amplification of the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene was examined using the following primers: forward (5’-CAA CAT TCT GGA CGA AGT GCC AT-3’) and reverse (5’-CAG CCT TGC ACT GAC CTT GA-3’). All amplified products were purified directly and sequencing reaction was accomplished in an ABI PRISM® <italic>3130xl</italic> genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_s_004"><div>Discussion</div>
<p>Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy is a rare disorder, two phenotypes are observed in MLC. The classic phenotype of MLC is characterized by early-onset macrocephaly, mild motor developmental delay, seizures, ataxia, spasticity, and sometimes extrapyramidal findings; and generally mild mental regression. An improving phenotype of MLC has similar clinical features but these findings recover in time [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_ref_001">1</a>]. The diagnosis of MLC is established in individuals with typical clinical and brain MRI findings [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_ref_003">3</a>]. Description of homozygous mutations in the <italic>MLC1</italic> or <italic>HEPACAM</italic> genes can prove the diagnosis of classic phenotype of MLC. Identification of a heterozygous <italic>HEPACAM</italic> pathogenic variant can establish the diagnosis of MLC with improving phenotype [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_ref_004">4</a>]. Our case was diagnosed on the basis of the classic phenotype’s clinical and radiological features including macrocephaly, mild motor developmental delay, bilateral, diffuse, symmetric structural white matter abnormalities, relatively sparing the cerebellum and bilateral subcortical temporal cysts.</p>
<p>In the molecular study, a novel homozygous splice-site variant (NM_015166: c.768+2T>C) in intron 9 of the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene was identified (<a ref-type="fig" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_002">Figure 2</a>). The present variant has not been previously reported in population studies (ESP, ExAC, 1000G, and gnomAD). His father and mother were heterozygous. <italic>In silico</italic> analysis using Human Splicing Finder (HSF) and Mutation Taster was supportive of pathogenicity. According to the HSF prediction, the splice-site c.768+2T>C mutation most probably affecting splicing <italic>via</italic> alteration of the wild type donor splice site.</p>
<figure id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_002" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Figure 2</h2>
<figCaption><p>(A) Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) sequence data of the parents showed heterozygous c.768+ 2T>C mutation. (B) The IGV sequence data of the patient showed homozygous c.768+2T>C mutation.</p></figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647108462b88470fbea14514/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240602T061326Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240602%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=fd9fe9d5af65f09e5556eb2db5e0266ec16ce775c382c90177abd9c519139185" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<p>For determination of the novel splice-site mutation’s effect, the exons 7-11 of <italic>MLC1</italic> cDNA were amplified. Only a mutated single band (403 bp) appeared in the patient, but in his parents, a 460 bp wild-type and 403 bp mutated bands were detected. The Sanger sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products showed that the 403 bp mutated allele matched the deletion of exon 9 in the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene (<a ref-type="fig" href="#j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_003">Figure 3</a>). In conclusion, cDNA analysis showed that the splice-site c.768+2T>C mutation gave rise to exon 9 skipping.</p>
<figure id="j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_003" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Figure 3</h2>
<figCaption><p>(A) Exon 9 was not found in cDNA (cDNA sequence of the patient, reverse strand). (B) The parents had two strands for the heterozygous mutation. Exons 9 and 10 were overlapping in cDNA (cDNA sequence of the parents, forward strand).</p></figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_003.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647108462b88470fbea14514/j_bjmg-2019-0019_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240602T061326Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240602%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=385b2f10fe5c25d88843f4b643749b5d8071fc1835d0b43ce8e42adf144ef36e" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<p>In summary, we report the novel homozygous splice-site mutation in the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene causing a classic phenotype of MLC. Functional effect of the splice-site mutation was explained by cDNA analysis and was contributed to the literature.</p>
</sec>
</div>

A Novel splice-site mutation on the <italic>MLC1</italic> gene leading to exon 9 skipping and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in a Turkish patient

Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

A Novel splice-site mutation on the  gene leading to exon 9 skipping and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in a Turkish patient

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC) with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease (MIM #604004) is an autosomal recessive neurological...

A Novel splice-site mutation on the MLC1 gene leading to exon 9 skipping and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in a Turkish patient

Article Category: Case report

Data publikacji: 21 gru 2019

Zakres stron: 89 - 92

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bjmg-2019-0019

Słowa kluczowe
cDNA sequencing, Exon skipping, Leuko-encephalopathy, gene, Splice-site mutation

© 2019 Türkyılmaz A, Ünver O, Ekinci G, Türkdoğan D, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

A Novel splice-site mutation on the MLC1 gene leading to exon 9 skipping and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in a Turkish patient

Article Category: Case report

Data publikacji: 21 gru 2019

Zakres stron: 89 - 92

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bjmg-2019-0019

Słowa kluczowecDNA sequencing, Exon skipping, Leuko-encephalopathy, gene, Splice-site mutation

© 2019 Türkyılmaz A, Ünver O, Ekinci G, Türkdoğan D, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Słowa kluczowe
cDNA sequencing, Exon skipping, Leuko-encephalopathy, gene, Splice-site mutation