<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The nesting of the Eurasian eagle-owl (<italic>Bubo bubo</italic>) in a man-made building</title>Pair of Eurasian eagle-owl (<italic>Bubo bubo</italic>) was found in 2010 nesting in an abandoned man-made building in Východo-slovenská rovina Lowlands near a small fragment of riparian forest. Observation represents first case of nesting in such roost and second case of nesting on lowland in large open agrocoenosis in Slovakia.</abstract>

The nesting of the Eurasian eagle-owl (<italic>Bubo bubo</italic>) in a man-made building

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Sexing of barn owls, <italic>Tyto alba javanica</italic>, using morphological traits has not been accurate enough due to ambiguous sexual dimorphism between sexes. This has been one of the major problems for the management of barn owls worldwide, especially for translocation and captive-breeding programs. In order to increase the success rate of sexing the barn owl, we compared the results of a molecular sexing method to six morphological traits for sexing the owls: the shape and colour of the facial disc, the colour of the throat area, the tail plumage, the colour of their tarsus, the back plumage, and the frequency of spotting on the chest and underside of the wings. The result of our comparison showed that sex identification using morphological traits had an accuracy of only 72.7%. Three of our samples were identified as females using morphological traits, but molecular sexing determined that these samples were males. We also used our results to determine the best morphological traits for sexing barn owls, and concluded that the best traits for morphological sexing are the frequency of spotting on the chest and underparts of barn owls (accuracy of 81.8%), as well as colour of the owls’ facial disc and throat area (accuracy of 63.6%).</abstract>

Sex identification comparison of barn owls (<italic>Tyto alba javanica</italic>) using morphological features and molecular-based methods

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Bird conservation on electricity transmission lines has a 40-year history in Hungary. It started with the saker conservation program. The initial small-scale activities were considerably enlarged through the LIFE projects. In the first project, 301 nest boxes for sakers of a new type made of aluminium were installed on pylons of high-voltage transmission lines. In 201 3 nearly 70% of saker pairs nested in these new boxes. An estimated 1 00 000 different birds used to be killed annually on the transmission line pylons in Hungary. During the two LIFE projects about 1 4 300 pylons were made bird-safe using improved technology and materials. Nearly 800 new bird-safe crossarms of pylons are being installed in the second project, which is expected to completely eradicate the danger</abstract>

FENCON Ltd., Erkel u. 6/a, 2092 Budakeszi, Hungary

MME/BirdLife Hungary, Költö u. 21 , 1 021 Budapest, Hungary

Agria Ökoszisztéma Kft. Rózsa Károly u. 1 2/b. 2/5, 3300 Eger, Hungary

Bird conservation on electric-power lines in Hungary: Nest boxes for saker falcon and avian protection against electrocutions. Projects' report

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> We analysed the population size, population dynamics and reproduction success of the lesser spotted eagle in Latvia from 1988 to 2014. While the overall population did not show a statistically significant trend during any of the periods analysed (long, medium and short term), the populations in the individual study areas changed differently: of five research plots, populations were stable in two, increased in one, and decreased in two research plots. Using the existing research plots as samples of breeding numbers in areas of different breeding density classes based on forest management units, the total breeding population in Latvia was estimated. The overall number of breeding pairs in 2012-2014 was between 3700-4000. During the period 1988-2014, 65.62% of all pairs recorded as present on their home range, made a breeding attempt and laid eggs. The reproductive success ratio was 0.49 young per occupied territory with an adult pair of birds and 0.74 young per breeding pair which laid eggs. Overall, during the 21 -year research period there was a stable long-term trend in reproductive success (young per pair present on home range). Rarely, indeed only in 1 .89% of all cases did two young fledge. The total number of young (young per 100 km2) shows stable long-, medium- and short-term trends with an average value of 5.1 young per 100 km2.</abstract>

Joint Stock Company “Latvia’s State Forests”, address for correspondence: “Tiltakalni”, Barkavas pag., Madonas nov. LV-4834, Latvia

Faculty ofBiology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda bulv. 4, LV-1 842, Latvia

Museum of Zoology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda bulv. 4, LV1 842, Latvia

“Silenieki”, Sarka¡u pag., Madonas nov. LV-4870, Latvia

“Robežnieki”, Birzgales pag., Ķeguma nov., LV-5033, Latvia

Biota Ltd, Kr. Valdemara iela 1 06/1 08-1 22, Riga. LV-1 01 3, Latvia

Nature Conservation Agency of Latvia, Rīgas iela 1 0a, Salacgrīva, LV-4033, Latvia

Population size, dynamics and reproduction success of the lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) in Latvia

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Foraging movements during the breeding season are a poorly studied aspect of booted eagle behaviour. We have investigated the relationship between weather and other abiotic factors and foraging behaviour, and also resource use by a female booted eagle, tagged by satellite-GPS transmitter in central Catalonia, during summer 2012 and spring 2013. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) revealed that the distance travelled from the nest was significantly related to temperature, but also to the time of day and the age of chicks. Temperature also had a significant positive influence on flight altitude and the latter on flight speed. The Resource Utilization Function (RUF) showed significant resource use in locations close to water (rivers and water bodies) and also in agricultural areas, preferably close to urban areas and rivers. On the other hand, unlike in other areas of Spain, the use of the edges between forest and agricultural areas and forest areas themselves showed negative coefficients with values not significant, perhaps related to changes in prey availability in the traditional hunting grounds.</abstract>

Cra. de Navarcles, 43, E-08251 Santpedor (Barcelona),

Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia,

SEO/BirdLife, Área de Estudio y Seguimiento de Aves, C/. Melquíades Biencinto, 34, E- 28053 Madrid,

Factors influencing the movements during the breeding season of a female booted eagle (Aquila pennata) tagged by satellite in central Catalonia (Spain)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Knowing the winter behaviour is essential for deciding on conservation strategies for threatened migratory species such as the greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga). Fidelity and inter-annual variation in winter home range of an Estonian greater spotted eagle were studied during the first four years of its life by means ofGPS satellite telemetry in south-eastern Spain. Results show the eagle exploited a small area (1 2.7 km2, 95% kernel) with high inter-annual fidelity during all winter stages. The A. clanga preferred marshes and water bodies and avoided irrigated crops and urban areas. Waterfowl hunting did not show any effect on the spatial pattern of the eagle’s behaviour, although water level management in reservoirs could influence their use by the A. clanga. Our study highlights that the wintering home range may be limited to a small suitable habitat patch where human activities, especially water reservoir management, should be regulated</abstract>

Ecology Area, Department ofApplied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, Avda Universidad S/N. E- 03202 Elche, Spain

Eagle Club, Hauka, 63406 Valgjärve vald, Estonia

Department of Zoology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Riia 1 81 , 51 01 4 Tartu, Estonia

Winter ranging behaviour of a greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga) in southeast Spain during four consecutive years

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The diet of the endemic Cyprus scops owl (<italic>Otus cyprius</italic>) was studied for the first time during the breeding season 2021 in 7 nesting sites from 6 sampling locations using the pellet analysis (n = 65 pellets). Insects, mostly Orthoptera and Coleoptera, comprised the bulk of the owl diet (87% abundance, 31% biomass), whereas small mammals and reptiles were important in terms of biomass, with 41% and 24%, respectively. Birds were the lowest prey order, with 0.6% abundance and 3.6% biomass. The most essential insects were grasshoppers (Acrididae) (17%) and scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) (6%). From vertebrate prey, Mus spp. (23.7%), Mediterranean house gecko (<italic>Hemidactylus turcicus</italic>) (8%), Cyprus spiny mice (<italic>Acomys nesiotes</italic>) (8%), juvenile black rats (<italic>Rattus rattus</italic>) (7%), and Cyprus agamas (<italic>Laudakia cypriaca</italic>) (5%) stand out as % biomass. Predation on a bat species (<italic>Pipistrellus</italic> sp.) by scops owl was documented for the first time in Cyprus. The estimated prey biomass ranged from 0.1 – 25 grams, averaging 2.1 g.
</abstract>

Food habits of the endemic Cyprus scops owl (<italic>Otus cyprius</italic>) during the breeding season

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The laying of two clutches in a single breeding season can increase the fitness of the parent birds and stabilise a population. Our study analysed the rate of second-breeding attempts in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) population in the Czech Republic. In the research, a total of 8,049 common kestrel nests were checked between 1979 and 2019. Of the 1,197 breeding events recorded during the study period in Moravia, 1,184 cases were first clutches and 13 cases (1.1%) were second breeding attempts. In Bohemia, a total of 6,852 breeding events were observed during the same study period, of which 6,811 were first clutches, 32 cases were late breeding attempts and 9 cases (0.1%) were second clutches. Second breeding events occurred only rarely, mainly during population outbreaks of prey species. During the mass outbreak of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) population in the Czech Republic in 2019, 5 (5.2%) of the 97 studied common kestrel pairs nested for the second time in Moravia; in Bohemia, second clutches were recorded in 3 (8.1%) of the 37 studied pairs. The second breeding attempts were recorded at an altitude of 272 ± 123 m (mean ± SD, range 179–560 m, n = 22) and commenced between 24 June and 25 July (29 June on average, n = 5). The range of the time gap between the first and the second clutch was 54 to 92 days (70.8 ± 16.3 days, n = 5). The second clutches consisted of an average of 4.1 ± 0.9 eggs (range 3–6, n = 12), with an average of 3.7 ± 0.9 fledglings in each successful breeding pair (range 2–5, n = 11) and 2.6 ± 1.9 fledglings for each initiated breeding attempt (range 0–5, n = 16).
</abstract>

Second-breeding events of the common kestrel (<italic>Falco tinnunculus</italic>) in the Czech Republic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
As inhabitants of cavities, some owl species benefit from natural processes, different tree compositions and higher volumes of dead wood. We assumed that protected areas would have a positive impact on the owl community. We compared the abundance of calling owls on 22 lines in managed versus protected forests. Here, we recorded the acoustic communication of owls. The composition of the owl community did not differ between areas. However, we found the impact of forest landscape integrity index and altitude on the diversity of owls. Forests in protected areas probably need time to develop natural and heterogeneous habitat structures. The conservation priority should be to increase the integrity of the forests. Our results also confirmed that managed forests can have a high diversity of owls.
</abstract>

Owls’ responses to forest conservation in the Alps

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Using global position system (GPS) technology, we tracked an adult female greater spotted eagle (<italic>Clanga clanga</italic>) on its wintering grounds in the Sudan-South Sudan borderland during 2005–2015. There were 10 909 GPS locations for this bird in the non-breeding range. Throughout the study, the eagle showed fidelity to its wintering grounds. The non-breeding season coincided with the dry season. The median arrival date was 11 October (n = 10). The median departure date (n = 10) was 4 March, and was less variable than the arrival date. The 95% kernel density estimate (KDE) for all years was 33 838 km2, and the 50% KDE encompassed 6 585 km2. The wintering range was split between two areas, west and east, with the eagle typically arriving in the western area, where it stayed for some time. It then moved about 330 km to the eastern area, where it would remain for a few weeks before departing for Europe in the spring. In both the western and eastern subareas, the annual home ranges overlapped to a variable extent (14–99%). The high degree of fidelity to the wintering grounds shown by this bird was mirrored by the behaviours of two other adult greater spotted eagles that we tracked (using &gt;1 tracking devices) for 15 years that wintered in South Sudan and Turkey. The number of greater spotted eagles that winter in Africa is a matter of speculation, although virtually all individuals are likely to pass through a narrow corridor near Suez, Egypt. Collectively, these tracking data and the findings of other studies suggest that greater spotted eagles from the western parts of the European breeding range often move to Africa. Further, the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan are important for greater spotted eagles and other rare bird species during the non-breeding season.
</abstract>

Ranging behaviour of an adult female greater spotted eagle (<italic>Clanga clanga</italic>) wintering in Sudan for 10 years, as revealed by satellite telemetry

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Beak deformities may be permanent or temporary and are caused by various factors. Despite its vast geographical area in India, there has been little research on beak deformities in wild birds, and few cases have been reported. In the present study, we described, as far as we know, the first known report of a beak deformity in the Egyptian vulture (<italic>Neophron percnopterus percnopterus</italic>) worldwide. On 6 January 2014, the first author (HP) recorded the Egyptian vulture with a heavily deformed bill on the garbage dump in Jorbeed, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The causes of the bill abnormality in this individual are unknown, but our record increases the knowledge of the presence of development deformities in Egyptian vultures. We highlight the importance of photographs as a valuable tool for documenting bird beak deformities. In conclusion, we encourage other researchers to report the records of beak deformities, which is necessary for a better understanding of this phenomenon and its insights into the ecological and physiological implications of this condition considerably affecting bird survival.
</abstract>

Bill deformities in Egyptian vulture (<italic>Neophron percnopterus percnopterus</italic>): a noteworthy record from Rajasthan, India

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The nest building and courtship behaviours of the golden eagle are poorly represented in the scientific literature. The paper reports on the first detailed description of building a new nest by a pair of golden eagles. Reciprocal pendulum flight by the pair as part of a pre-breeding courtship display is described for the first time. The “mock attack” between the members of the pair is confirmed to serve the courtship function.
</abstract>

A first detailed description of building a new nest and new data on the courtship behaviour of golden eagle

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Spatial and temporal diversity of the diet of the tawny owl (<italic>Strix aluco</italic>)</title>The author compared diet of eight owl species in Slovakia, out of which four species prey in the non-forest environment (<italic>Bubo bubo, Tyto alba, Asio otus</italic> and <italic>Athene noctua</italic>), while the other four species prey mostly in the forest (<italic>Glaucidium passerinum</italic>, <italic>Aegolius funereus, Strix uralensis</italic> and <italic>Strix aluco</italic>). Tawny owl (<italic>Strix aluco</italic>) has shown the highest degree of adaptability when it comes to various types of environment and broad diversity of prey. Appendix 1 presents material of total 225,441 pieces of diet, which contains 69 species of mammals and at least 147 species of birds. While <italic>B. bubo</italic> diet is typical especially for high presence of bigger prey species within mammals and birds (66 diagnostic taxa), diet of <italic>S. aluco</italic> is characterized by as many as 89 taxa with higher share than the average of all eight compared owls (taxa with values 1+ and 2+ in blocks as marked by full line). Based on the analysis of 68,070 pieces of <italic>S. aluco</italic> diet collected in Slovakia, it is possible to differentiate seven basic diet types: A - from lower mountains, B - from middle montane locations, C - from colder and more humid parts of mountains, D - characterized by high share of bats (Chiroptera), E - characterized by high share of slugs (Limacidae), F - from floodplain forests, and finally G - from environment strongly influenced by humans. Diagnostic species for one or several diet types are characterized by markedly higher share than Slovak average. By the large amount of analyzed samples of <italic>S. aluco</italic> diet it is possible to gain the knowledge about structure of several animal groups from relatively little disrupted forest ecosystems and those from environment to some degree influenced by humans. Diet types represent simplified models, which are understood in a different sense than plant communities. Individual disposition for specific food preference (e. g. Chiroptera) also plays an important role by some tawny owl's specimens. Some types of prey can be further divided into undertypes (e. g. undertypes G1 and G2 in Table 1). Diet of <italic>S. aluco</italic> has been examined more in detail and over a longer period of time especially in following national parks: Slovenský kras, Muránska planina and Veľká Fatra Mts. Samples from other parts of Slovakia are also presented here according to their relevance to particular diet types. Pellets of <italic>S. aluco</italic> were collected over a longer period of time (up to 30 years) in several sites and it is chronological periodicity in presentence of diagnostic species, which stands in focus. Long-term changes in <italic>S. aluco</italic> diet during Holocene were examined in two parts of Veľká Fatra Mts, which are influenced by climatic changes as well as human activity (deforestation and pasture). The author has occasionally collected pellets of <italic>S. aluco</italic> in several mountains of Europe between Western Alps and Caucasus and from northern border in <italic>S. aluco</italic> areal, from Trondheim area in Norway. Furthermore, the author presents hereby his own material from pellets of <italic>S. aluco</italic> from the Middle East to Himalaya (in particular countries of Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Kyrgyzstan and Nepal).</abstract>

Spatial and temporal diversity of the diet of the tawny owl (<italic>Strix aluco</italic>)

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Food of the Barn Owl (<italic>Tyto alba</italic>) in the Eastern Mediterranean</title>The composition of the Barn Owl (<italic>Tyto alba</italic>) diet analysed from pellets collected in several regions of the Eastern Mediterranean is presented. In total, 27 samples from 21 sites in S Italy, S Greece (incl. Crete), S Turkey, NW Syria, SW Lebanon, N Israel, and N Egypt were composed of 8842 prey individuals. Mammals represented the dominant part of the prey (90% of the identified prey individuals, comprising 44 species). Birds were less abundant (7%), however, their diversity was enormous (64 species). Amphibians and reptiles were rarely represented in the diet (0.9%), while invertebrates we found more often (2.2%). The relative abundance of particular prey items in the Barn Owl diet was analysed in four geographical regions: (a) SE Europe (Calabria, Peloponnese, Crete), (b) Levantine parts of Turkey and Syria, (c) Lebanon and N Israel, and (d) N Egypt. In complex evaluation of the sample set, endemic forms composed a special group of prey items: <italic>Microtus savii, Sorex samniticus</italic>, and <italic>Talpa romana</italic> in Calabria; <italic>Microtus thomasi</italic> in Peloponnese; <italic>Acomys minous</italic> in Crete; and <italic>Gerbillus amoenus</italic> in Egypt. Another group of prey is represented by typical Levantine species: <italic>Microtus guentheri, Meriones tristrami, Apodemus mystacinus</italic>, and <italic>Rana ridibunda. Apodemus flavicollis</italic> and <italic>Crocidura leucodon</italic> were more abundant in Calabria while less abundant in the Levant. Synanthropic mammals (<italic>Mus</italic> spp., <italic>Rattus rattus, Suncus etruscus, Crocidura suaveolens</italic>) and birds (<italic>Passer domesticus</italic>) represented a significant part of the diet in the majority of the studied area.</abstract>

Comenius University, Botanical Garden, SK-038 15 Blatnica, Slovakia

Department of Zoology, National Musem (Natural History), Václavské nám. 68, CZ-115 79 Praha, Czech Republic & Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic

Food of the Barn Owl (<italic>Tyto alba</italic>) in the Eastern Mediterranean

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Black kites of the nominal subspecies <italic>Milvus migrans migrans</italic> breed in the Western Palearctic and in Central Asia, while the European population is relatively small. The birds winter mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Until 2000 winter observations of black kites were rare in Greece, and also within the tri-point border area of Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. At that time regular wintering of black kites started there. These data and evidence from recent local literature as well as from a number of unpublished data obtained throughout European countries and reviewed in this paper corroborate the impression that numbers of black kites wintering in Europe and the whole Mediterranean area including Turkey are increasing. The reasons considered are climate warming in the area and some negative changes in sub-Saharan Africa in the traditional wintering grounds of black kites. Notes about the wintering of black/red kite hybrids are also added.</abstract>

Common wintering of black kites (<italic>Milvus migrans migrans</italic>) in Greece, and new data on their wintering elsewhere in Europe

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This study investigated the effects of the first generation anticoagulant rodenticide chlorophacinone and the second generation rodenticide bromadiolone on the population and breeding performances of barn owls at oil palm plantations. Three treatment plots were established: one baited with chlorophacinone, one with bromadiolone, and the third kept rodenticide-free. Four rat-baiting campaigns which coincided with barn owl breeding season were carried in the rodenticide-treated plots. The occupancy rate of nest boxes, clutch size, brood size and fledging rates of the barn owls in each plot were monitored weekly throughout the study. Freshly regurgitated pellets from barn owls were collected from all occupied nest boxes at weekly intervals during the development of nestlings in each breeding season. The results show that the occupancy rate of the nest boxes was significantly higher in the rodenticide-free area compared with both rodenticide-treated areas. Similarly, the breeding performances, such as clutch size, brood size and fledging success, were higher in the rodenticide-free area compared with the rodenticide-treated areas. Results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that 20.56% (mean residue: 1 .335 ± 0.073 lg/g) and 28.89% (mean residue: 0.777 ± 0.032 lg/g) of the collected regurgitated pellet samples from the rodenticide-treated areas contained bromadiolone and chlorophacinone residue, respectively. The mean brood size and fledging success of the barn owls showed a strong negative correlation with the mean concentration of rodenticide residues present in the regurgitated pellets and with the percentages of pellets detected having such residues (R2 k 0.44, P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the mean clutch size of barn owls was negatively correlated with the mean concentration of rodenticide residues and with the percentages of pellets detected with these residues. However, the correlation was not significantly different (R2 k 0.34, P &gt; 0.05). In general, the higher the amount of residues detected, the lower the breeding performance parameters measured in this study</abstract>

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty ofAgriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Crop Protection Division, Felda Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd, Tun Razak Agriculture Research Centre, 27000, Pahang, Malaysia

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11 800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

Sub-lethal effects of the anticoagulant rodenticides bromadiolone and chlorophacinone on breeding performances of the barn owl (Tyto alba) in oil palm plantations

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Trend and conservation of saker falcon (<italic>Falco cherrug</italic>) population in western Slovakia between 1976 and 2010</title>During the 35-year study period (1976-2010) the nesting distribution, population size and dynamics, as well as negative factors influencing the saker falcon population in western Slovakia were surveyed. After 1993 all of the nesting pairs have gradually resettled to the neighbouring agrocoenoses, previously used for hunting and wintering. This process was considerably influenced by management practices, especially the installation of 151 nest boxes on electricity pylons in lowland agrocoenoses in western Slovakia. Since 2009 all pairs have been nesting in agrocoenoses. During the last decade the number of nesting pairs has increased 145% and the nesting area of the saker has increased three-fold in western Slovakia. Data about 47 pairs and 345 nesting events were used to evaluate the population trend. The pairs raised 797 fledglings in 247 successful breeding attempts. Average success for all breeding attempts was 2.3 fledglings, and 3.2 fledglings for successful breeding attempts. The main reasons for losses during the study period are considered to be drastic changes in feeding and breeding habitats, illegal shooting and poisoning as well as nest robberies.</abstract>

Trend and conservation of saker falcon (<italic>Falco cherrug</italic>) population in western Slovakia between 1976 and 2010

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> During the period 2008-2011 nine juvenile saker falcon females from SW Slovakia were tracked with satellite telemetry. The movement of four of those females tagged with satellite tracking devices was analysed in 2011 (two juveniles for 6 months, one for 5 months and one for 3 months). The analysis of the collision risk with wind turbines also used telemetry data from previous years (2008-2009) - five birds tracked from abandoning their nest to abandoning their post-fledging areas (i.e. 45, 48, 37, 11 3 and 1 34 days). The juveniles visited 1 3 different countries during their post-fledging dispersal and migration. Maximum distance from the nest varied between 1 53 and 2094 km. For two birds the cause of death was recorded: one female was electrocuted and other female was probably also electrocuted. We also evaluated two factors of potential wind turbine threat: a) the distance ofGPS locations from the nearest wind turbines in the vicinity of post-fledging areas, b) numbers ofwind turbines in post-fledging areas. Assessment of the collision risk with wind turbines showed low risk for the tracked individuals. Two of four tracked birds were at medium risk (2-5 km) from wind turbines. The highest risk for the young falcons comes from wind turbines in neighbouring countries, where they are constructed near borders</abstract>

Movement of satellite-tracked juvenile saker falcons (Falco cherrug) in SW Slovakia

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Raptor Journal

Formerly known as Slovak Raptor Journal (2007 – 2018) The Journal of Raptor Protection of Slovakia

 Journal for science, research and conservation on birds of prey and owls. Raptor Journal (formerly known as Slovak Raptor Journal) is issued generally annually and publishes...

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 Journal for science, research and conservation on birds of prey and owls. Raptor Journal (formerly known as Slovak Raptor Journal) is...

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Volume 18 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)

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Volume 9 (2015): Issue 1 (January 2015) Special Issue Title: International Conference on the Conservation of the Lesser Spotted Eagle, Košická Belá, Slovakia, 2014

Volume 8 (2014): Issue 2014 (January 2014) Proceedings from VII. International Conference on the Conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2013

Raptor Journal

Formerly known as Slovak Raptor Journal (2007 – 2018) The Journal of Raptor Protection of Slovakia

Food habits of the endemic Cyprus scops owl (Otus cyprius) during the breeding season

Second-breeding events of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the Czech Republic

Owls’ responses to forest conservation in the Alps

Ranging behaviour of an adult female greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) wintering in Sudan for 10 years, as revealed by satellite telemetry

Bill deformities in Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus percnopterus): a noteworthy record from Rajasthan, India

A first detailed description of building a new nest and new data on the courtship behaviour of golden eagle