<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. The international standard for nursing terminology included in the ICNP®, recommended by many organizations and associations, can be used in the daily professional practice to facilitate the nurses’ selection of appropriate diagnoses and nursing interventions.Aim. The aim of the study is an attempt to show the possibilities of using the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) in the nursing care of patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process located within lung tissue situated peripherally in relation to the terminal bronchiole, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and an exudate within alveoli, interalveolar septa and/or in the interstitial lung tissue. Usually, patients experience: cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and systemic symptoms: fever, chills, tachycardia, increased sweating, muscle and joint pain, headaches, fatigue, and sometimes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Common nursing problems/diagnoses in the group of patients with pneumonia are: dyspnea, impaired respiratory system process, impaired airway clearance, fever, lack of appetite, risk for hypovolemia, lack of knowledge about the disease.Summary. The International Classification for Nursing Practice contains the most basic terms describing nursing diagnoses and interventions that are crucial in providing nursing care to patients with pneumonia.</abstract>

Can ICNP® be used in the nursing care of a patient with pneumonia?

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions (increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels) that occur together, increasing your risk of cardiovascular disorders.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to formulate a nursing care plan for a patient with GN using the ICNP®? terminology.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research employed the case study method and the technique of the interview, observation, analysis of medical records and measurements. The research was conducted at the Clinic of Arterial Hypertension and Diabetology at the University Clinical Centre in Gdańsk and involved 2 patients with MS.<bold>Results and conclusions.</bold> Based on the data obtained, the following nursing diagnoses were formulated: Impaired Regulatory System Function/Hyperglycaemia, Altered Blood Pressure, Acute Pain (head), Overweight, Impaired Sleep and Anxiety, potential diagnoses: Risk For Impaired Peripheral Neurovascular Function, Risk For Diabetic Foot and Risk For Medication Side Effect, and as well as self-control and self-care: Impaired Ability To Manage Regime and Impaired Ability To Monitor Disease.</abstract>

Nursing care for a patient with metabolic syndrome including ICNP® reference terminology

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The ongoing process of globalisation is contributing to the reconfiguration of social behaviour, even in small and relatively stable communities. The increased migration of people has led to more-varied groups of patients. The provision of nursing care which is consistent with a given culture, and adjusted to the particular needs of its recipient, is becoming a necessity. The development of cultural competence in the nurse's education, aimed at responding to the needs and demands of the global community, constitutes a current challenge for nursing.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of this paper is to describe the assumptions put forward within the selected theoretical models of transcultural nursing, the nurses' cultural competences arising from them, and the possibility of their scientific evaluation.<bold>Method.</bold> A non-systematic review of the literature based on the thematic selection of content and authors.<bold>Results.</bold> The paper presents four basic theories and theoretical models of transcultural nursing which are well described in the literature on nursing, i.e. theories by M. Leininger, L. Purnell, J. Campinha-Bacote, J.N. Giger and R.E. Davidhizar, and their related cultural competences. The theoretical models constitute a foundation for the provision of nursing care to various populations, providing resources to overcome obstacles and challenges in situations where nurses care for patients with various cultural backgrounds. The article also presents the most important tools for the assessment of cultural competences based on the basic theoretical models of transcultural nursing.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Cultural competences in nursing set the direction for investment in self-development for both nurses-theorists and nursing practitioners. Understanding the components of cultural competences and their assessment plays an important and necessary role in the implementation of the concept of multiculturalism in nursing.</abstract>

Cultural competence in nursing – basic conceptualisation and tools for scientific assessment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Neutropenia, a disorder quite commonly encountered in blood tests, is defined as a decrease in the absolute neutrophil count below 1500/µl. Neutropenia may not be clinically significant, whereas it sometimes indicates serious haematological, infectious or rheumatic diseases. The reduction of the number of neutrocytes below 500/µl is referred to as ’agranulocytosis’. Such decrease in neutrophil count impairs host defense and makes the patient more vulnerable to bacterial and fungal infections, which may lead to life-threatening sepsis.<bold>Aim.</bold> This review presents the causes of congenital and acquired neutropenia, with particular attention to drug-induced neutropenia, which may occur due to the intake of the broad spectrum of drugs, including over-the-counter drugs. The article also attempts to answer the question of how the neutropenia and agranulocytosis should be diagnosed and treated.<bold>Methods.</bold> The publication is based on the analysis of the literature (PubMed database).<bold>Results.</bold> It has to be emphasized that a thorough physical examination and appropriate additional tests make it possible to diagnose a disease that causes neutropenia. This allows for the implementation of appropriate therapeutic procedures, and consequently, leads to avoidance of serious infections.</abstract>

Neutropenia in adults – significant diagnostic issue

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The population migration to the countries of the European Union (EU) of the conflict of war has grown substantially in recent years. According to the Office for Foreigners in Poland are staying 586 thousand foreigners. 279 refugees from Syria arrived in Poland in 2015. The economic development of Poland means that the number of foreigners settling in or crossing Poland and using the services of the Polish health service is constantly growing. Foreigners from outside Europe (the largest groups are Vietnamese – 8.8 thousand and Chinese – 6.2 thousand) were brought up in a different culture, but also people from European countries (the largest group are immigrants from Ukraine – 513 thousand) may differ from Poles perceive health and illness. Health Personnel may encounter difficulties in providing medical assistance and taking care of a culturally different patient. They may result from the language barrier, lack of knowledge about the differences in patients’ expectations or lack of skills in communication with the patient. The result may be improper assistance, violation of patients’ rights and avoiding the use of medical services.<bold>Aim.</bold> Presentation of the migration of population in EU countries, analysis of problems arising during the provision of assistance to culturally different patients and an indication of the possibility of developing cultural competences of paramedics, nurses and doctors through education in this area.</abstract>

Providing help to multicultural patients in the context of contemporary population migrations in Europe

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> In the recent thirty years obesity has become one of the most serious and still increasing health problems among children and adults in the world. Scientific magazines inform about world obesity epidemic. Lack of physical activity, excessive energy supply compared to needs of organism, as well as bad eating habits, have made obesity a civilization disease. Excess weight and obesity lead to premature atherosclerosis development and consequently, to other cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, thrombosis, cardiac insufficiency, hyperlipemia.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the thesis is to present, on the basis of literature, the most important factors which can lead to obesity in children.<bold>Conclusions.</bold><list list-type="order"><list-item>Among the most important aspects which can lead to obesity in children the following factors can be mentioned:
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item>genetic factors - it is probable that mutations within many genes connected with energy efficiency regulation of an organism are responsible for the genetic tendency to being obese</list-item><list-item>environmental factors - there is another fact that together with technological development, the level of physical activity has decreased</list-item><list-item>psychological factors, like stress, fear, failures at school, family and peer conflicts have become the reasons for compulsive behaviour which lead to excessive consumption of highly processed foods</list-item></list></list-item><list-item>Obesity results in lowering the quality of life in a significant way.</list-item></list></abstract>

Obesity in children - a problem of the contemporary civilization

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> This study aimed to scoping review the existing literature on the Safe Utilization of Skin-to-Skin Contact (SSC) for neonates in the delivery room, focusing on interventions to enhance newborn safety and to prevent sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC).
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> A comprehensive scoping review in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted, by searching for scholarly articles published between 2011 and 2022 in scientific databases like ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed.
<bold>Results.</bold> From an initial pool of 1,011 articles, relevant and topical ones were identified and categorized into four thematic areas: Knowledge and Proficiency of Delivery Room Nursing Staff; Use of Assessment Tools and Surveillance Strategies; Organizational Aspects of Delivery Rooms; Maternal Education and Active Participation.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> To prevent SUPC-related issues, a holistic approach involving both clinical and mechanical monitoring is crucial, emphasizing maternal education and support from skilled nursing staff .
</abstract>

Prevention of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC) of a newborn in relation to skin-to skin-contact

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to compare the differences between young people’s perceptions of ageism in terms of professions: helping professions and non-helping professions.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> We collected data by the Fraboni Ageism Scale. Cronbach α represented a value of 0.87. We performed statistical processing in SPSS 25.0 and used the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The data collection of the entire research sample lasted from December 2020 to March 2021. Our final research group consisted of 262 respondents (HP and NHP). The selection criteria were the consent of each respondent, affiliation to the faculty and the age limit of 18 years and over.
<bold>Results.</bold> HP are more inclined to help others and elderly. They have a greater degree of tolerance for older adults than NHP, which is confirmed by our results (the D2: Behavior attitudes; p=0.000 and in the D3: Affective attitudes; p=0.000)).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> For university students in preparation for their future profession, we can fundamentally influence their cognitive, affective and behavioral components of the perception of seniors. For these reasons, the evaluation of the perception of stereotypes (D1), separation (D2) and affective attitudes (D3) among students of different fields was important.
</abstract>

The perception of ageism from the perspective of different professions

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The COVID-19 pandemic forced many teachers to switch from traditional face-to-face teaching to the use of various digital platforms in a short period of time. The research aimed to find out about teachers’ experiences of digital education at nursing faculties in four countries (Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden) which participated in the Erasmus+ Digital Education in Nursing project.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> Qualitative research with semi-structured group interviews was used. A total of 28 nursing teachers participated. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively, using qualitative content analysis. The interviews were analysed in accordance with the study aim by searching for codes which were grouped into subcategories and then into categories based on the similarity of the content.
<bold>Results.</bold> Three important themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: “conflicting feelings of teachers when switching to digital teaching”, “lack of digital competences”, “challenges for digital teaching in the future”.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Rapidly developing digital technology provides new possibilities and support for both teaching and learning. The research identified the need for further development of the digital competences of teachers, who recommended that a hybrid teaching method is the best for the education of nurses, since certain skills cannot be acquired by students solely in a digital way.
</abstract>

Teaching experiences of digital education during the pandemic – multicentre study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> To investigate the moderating role of the completed year of study on the relationship between coping strategies and self-esteem among undergraduate nursing students.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> Data collection was carried out in June-December 2020. A convenience sample has been used. A number of 182 questionnaires have been included for the analysis. A questionnaire consists of two scales (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Brief COPE) and a metric.
<bold>Results.</bold> The lowest self-esteem presented nursing students who completed their second year of education (M=24.74; SD=4.97). A moderation effect of the completed year of education on the relationship between self-esteem and the self-blame coping strategy and between the level of self-esteem and use of emotional support coping strategy was found.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The alarming results for students who completed the second year of study indicate the need for special attention and intervention among this group. Moreover, study-life balance should be promoted to deal with stress more effectively and to support students’ self-esteem.
</abstract>

Completed year of study moderating effect on the relation between coping strategies and self-esteem among novice nurses – cross sectional study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The study aimed to identify the occurrence of medication administration errors in clinical practice.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> This was a direct observational study. The study included observing the medication administration process over three years in four hospitals in the Czech Republic. STROBE was used as a checklist.
<bold>Results.</bold> A total of 18,370 medication administrations to hospitalized patients were observed and recorded, including morning, noon, and evening administrations. The most common MAE was substituting a prescribed medication without the doctor’s consent, especially among nurses aged 35-44 (p &lt; 0.001). These MAEs involved giving a medication of diff erent strength than prescribed (p &lt; 0.001), giving the wrong medication (p &lt; 0.001), and giving a diff erent dose (p &lt; 0.001). Substitutions of MAEs occurred most often during morning medication administration (p &lt; 0.001).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> A critical fi nding of this study was the substitution of medications without a doctor’s consent. It has been found that MAEs were not uncommon in clinical practice, and factors such as the nurse’s age, overall length of clinical practice, education, and workplace interruptions played a role.
</abstract>

Medication administration errors in the selected Czech hospitals: an observational study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> To analyse the attitudes of nursing staff towards patients with co-occurring alcohol problems.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The study was conducted among 120 nurses working in a tertiary hospital in the Podbeskidzie region (Poland). A diagnostic survey was used with self-administered questionnaire as the research tool.
<bold>Results.</bold> The number of 93.3% of the respondents confirmed that they had addicts among their patients. The respondents believe that the education and social status of addicted patients (41.8%) and their gender (54%) are important in the way they are treated by medical staff and affect the quality of service provided. The attitudes and feelings of the respondents, when caring for patients with co-occurring alcohol problems, are most often negative or indifferent.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> In clinical reality, there is stigmatization and a rather unfavourable or indifferent attitude towards patients with an accompanying alcohol problem. Nursing staff find working with an alcoholic challenging and do not treat patients with co-existing alcohol use disorder on an equal footing with patients suffering from other disease entities.
</abstract>

The attitudes of Polish nurses towards patients with alcohol-related problems and the subsequent impact on care delivery

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The concept of health literacy is often used as “health competence”, “health ability. It involves the skills and motivation of people to obtain and understand health information. To improve health understanding and assessment of health literacy, many instruments have been developed to measure health competences in different populations. Among them there is the multidimensional, comprehensive questionnaire HLS-EU-Q16, developed by the Consortium of European Countries.<bold>Aim.</bold> Review of health literacy studies using the European Health Competence Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) based on literature analysis.<bold>Method.</bold> Thematic review, unsystematic literature covering the years 2010-2018. The number of 17 source items was analyzed by the authors.<bold>Results.</bold> The overall level of health literacy was higher in European research than in non-European research. Low levels of health literacy were found in the elderly and chronically ill, immigrants and prisoners, as well as people with low education. The analysis of the research shows that the limited health skills of the respondents are related to the deterioration of the functional state and cognitive skills in the elderly. The decisive determinant of the low level of health literacy among immigrants and prisoners is unemployment and low level of education. Adequate health education plays a key role in improving the social level of health awareness and contributes to the long-term health of the entire population.</abstract>

Health Literacy – a review of research using the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) in 2010-2018

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Folic acid is a compound classified as B group vitamins. In the body it is subject to processes that transfer its inactive form into a form responsible for biological effects of folic acid, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). It is, in particular, responsible for processes of the correct biosynthesis of purine and pyridine bases present in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules. Humans do not synthesize the endogenous form of folic acid; therefore, it is vital to supplement this vitamin in its natural form or multivitamin preparations. The most folic acid is found in the green leafy vegetables (spinach, peas, asparagus) and in offal (liver). An adequate supply of folic acid is especially indicated in pregnant women with a reduced amount of folic acid due to its use by an intensively developing foetus. The recommended dose of folic acid during this period is 0.4 mg/24h and this dose varies depending on the patient’s and her family’s medical history. The updated state of knowledge on the role of vitamin B9 in the body has been presented. The importance of its supplementation in specific clinical cases was analyzed.<bold>Summary.</bold> Many studies indicate an important role of the folic acid in the prevention of congenital defects of the nervous, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. Its deficiency increases the risk of complications in pregnancy, such as recurrent miscarriages, pre-eclampsia or postpartum haemorrhage. For this reason, a prophylactic folic acid supplementation is recommended, in women with increased risk of its deficiency, in particular.</abstract>

Folic acid – role in the body, recommendations and clinical significance

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Satisfaction with life is a general assessment of satisfaction with one’s own achievements and living conditions on many levels. This includes human cognitive processes, expressing the emotional state that occurs as a result of achieving a specific goal. According to Juczyński, the assessment of life satisfaction is the result of confronting one’s own situation with the adopted criteria. If the result of the comparison is positive, the implication is the feeling of satisfaction. Satisfaction with life of pregnant women is dependent on many factors, including: personality traits, emotions, sociodemographic, factors as well as numerous physiological and psychological changes occurring during pregnancy.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study is to assess the level of life satisfaction of pregnant women depending on sociodemographic factors.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research was conducted on 415 women hospitalized and receiving care in counseling centers for pregnant women. The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey using a standardized Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and an original questionnaire to collect demographic data.<bold>Results.</bold> Based on the average assessment of life satisfaction, it was found that 48.43% (n = 201) of the surveyed pregnant women was characterized by a high degree of life satisfaction, 35.18% (n = 146) average, and 16.39% (n = 68) of the respondents experienced a low level of life satisfaction.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Sociodemographic factors conditioned the feeling of satisfaction with life of pregnant women. Pregnant women who had a greater sense of life satisfaction were: those in relationship rather than those who were single; women with higher education than those with basic, vocational or secondary education; pregnant women working mentally rather than those not working.</abstract>

Life satisfaction of the pregnant women

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Currently we observe a change in the labor market. It is caused by the new developments in the field of artificial Intelligence.<bold>Aim.</bold> We would like to present current trends affecting the work of nurses and midwives around the world in order to raise the social awareness of these changes among Polish healthcare workers. Moreover, we want to emphasize the fact that it is necessary to involve them as the stakeholders in the ongoing discussions and research projects in order to better understand their needs and expectations.<bold>Discussion.</bold> The article revolves around the current state of technology. We begin by outlining the framework of the perceived changes in the nurses’ structures and tasks around the world. Then we provide the examples of a variety of robots already executing those tasks. We start with the robots whose purpose is the elimination of simple, routine activities such as <italic>TUG</italic> or <italic>HOMER</italic>. After doing so, we move on to possible solutions how to eliminate the need for personal involvement in invasive (such as BloodBot) and non-invasive procedures (<italic>CLARA</italic>). We finish by introducing the machines used to replicate animal therapy, which can be used to treat patients who have difficulties with communicating their needs.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> We would like to present the future of nursing closely related to machines. We want to emphasize the element of complementarity of this relation and the fact that performing some tasks by robots is not connected with replacing people, but rather with enabling them to shift their focus from the performance of arduous duties to spending more time on empathic work with the patient.</abstract>

The role of robots in the improving work of nurses

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Nurses need to encourage patients to lead a healthy lifestyle, hence it is important that as nursing students they are already aware of the importance of physical activity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the physical activities of nursing students.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to find out in what state physical activity of nursing students is and to find out what are their main reasons for lack of physical activity.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using a mixed methods design. The quantitative data was collected using the survey method with a convenience sample of 123 students and used descriptive and inferential statistics for the analysis. For the qualitative data we used a Grounded Theory Method with semi-structured interviews on purposive samples of four students.<bold>Results and conclusions.</bold> In the quantitative part of this study we found a significantly higher proportion of outdoor physical activity in comparison to indoor physical activity (p &lt; 0.001). The qualitative part contains the main categories of physical activity implementation, as well as three sub-categories: attitude to physical activity, barriers and incentives. Nursing students do not do physical activities regularly due to lack of time, obligations at the university, time of the year and finances.</abstract>

Physical activity among nursing students

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Aim.</bold> Analysis of the impact of educational simulation on the level of knowledge, skills and competences of nursing students.<bold>Methods.</bold> The research used a non-systematic literature analysis method. Literature was classified for analysis, from which the contents on the impact of educational simulation on the education process of nursing students were selected. During the qualification of the magazines Google Scholar was used. Articles published in electronic databases were used: EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Education conducted using educational simulation in nursing not only increases the level of knowledge, skills and competences of students but also increases the quality of patient care and their security.</abstract>

Medical simulation – innovation in nursing education

Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement

Open Access License

Publishing agreement

Umowa wydawnicza

Instructions for Authors in English

Authorship reordes form

Instructions for Authors in Polish

Formularz zmiany kolejności autorstwa

Pielegniarstwo  XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century

Journal of Nursing in the 21st Century is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal published continuously since 2002. The Journal aim is to promote...

Impact Factor

Cite Score

SNIP

MNiSW

Journal of Nursing in the 21st Century is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal published continuously...