<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>There were evaluated responses of the respiratory system to changes in the variables of the external environment under increased pressure. To the model of professional underwater human activity underwater served the conditions of full saturation in compressed air or nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures. Technical devices were presented by a number of underwater laboratories, mounted at the bottom (Ikhtiander-66, 67 and 68), hyperbaric chambers, submersible drilling rigs (Bur-1 and 2), and an autonomous diving Ikhtiander-2 for a long stay in the water.Studies of respiratory gases mass transport conditions in man showed than within the pressure range of 0.25-1.1 MPa at density of moderate hyperoxic and nitrogen-helio-oxygen environment up to 14 kg/m3 oxygen and carbon dioxide regimes of the organism come to a new functional level which provides the adaptation to the extremal conditions. It is determined that an increase of physiological dead breathing space, a decrease of the rate of the O2 diffusion through the alveole-capillary barrier, intensification of unevenness of ventilator-perfusional relations in lungs and an increase of blood shunting in lungs are the main respiratory mechanisms which regulate mass transfer of O2 and CO2 in man under hyperbaria. The leading hemodynamic mechanism is the retention of volume blood circulation and cardiac output. It is studied how the compression rate, high partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen, microclimate parameters in inhabited hypebaric chambers influence changes of functional breathing system. Absence of hypoxic state is proved in man (full saturation of man with nitrogen) under normoxia in nitrogen-oxygen environment with the density 6.34 kg/m3. These are also the data about accelerated rehabilitation of divers using the method of active adaptation o high altitudes. Basic directions in physiological studies of functional breathing system under increased pressure of gas and water environment are described.</abstract>

Habitable Underwater Hyperbaric Facilities: Respiratory Balance in the Human Organism During Adapting to Saturation Nitrogen-Oxygen Hyperbaria

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> For many years now we have been observing a growing number of patients with amputations performed on lower extremities due to chronic wounds occurring as a result of atherosclerotic lesions in peripheral arteries, thromboembolism as well as due to chronic ischaemia in lower extremities. Modern physical medicine is systematically enhancing treatment possibilities for patients with chronic wounds by an introduction of innovative therapeutic devices into clinical practice, which often allow to prevent amputations, accelerate the healing process, and, most of all, alleviate or completely eliminate pain. The article presents the therapeutic mechanism and methodology of one of such methods - local hyperbaric oxygen therapy with the use of a device called LASEROBARIA - S, alongside a description of its therapeutic effects in the case of two patients.</abstract>

Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice,

Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine. School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze. Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

Jan Długosz Academy in Częstochowa. Institute of Physical Education Tourism and Physiotherapy, Częstochowa,

Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine. School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze. Medical University of Silesia in Katowice,

Application of Local Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy With Use of Device Laserobaria – S in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents the results of research carried out in the framework of an engineering thesis prepared at the Department of Underwater Works Technology of the Naval Academy in Gdynia. The objective of the work was to develop a method and a station to test the stability of deep-sea ROVs. The study presents the theoretical basis of the method as well as the results of performed experiments.
</abstract>

Stability Testing Method for Underwater ROVs

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article is consecutive in an unintended series on diving technology design [1,2]. Requests for a detailed account of the <italic>strategy</italic>1 employed and its compatibility with methodology2 suggest that the earlier description of it proved too general [3]. In the first part, on the example of diving technology used in mine warfare systems, its design is briefly discussed in the light of meeting NATO Standardisation Organisation requirements. The article refers to the elements of the methodology3 applied in the work on the Nx-SCR CRABE SCUBA diving technology on the basis of the national theory4 containing primarily deterministic methods5 for modelling semi-closed SCR breathing systems6, enabling reliable research with previously unavailable efficiency [4,5].
</abstract>

Design of Mine Warfare Diving Technology. Standardisation Requirements

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
As any other therapy method, hiperbaric oxygen therapy is connected with the risk of complications. The article is a review of the results of research on adverse events of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The most common are: borotrauma of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses or lungs, oxygen toxicity can be pulmonary, ocular in extreme cases leading to cataracts, claustrophobia, pulmonary edema or hypoglycaemia. Research has shown that these events occur in the presence of high oxygen concentration or high pressure. Depending on the severity of complications, they are short-term not causing discontinuation of therapy or long-term excluding continuation of treatment. However adverse events connected with oxygen therapy are not common and are usually mild. This confirms that HBOT is an effective and safe method of treating decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and the treatment of chronic wounds, delayed radiation injuries or necrotic soft tissue infections.
</abstract>

Adverse Events During Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy – Literature Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This series of articles presents the problems associated with the conduction of a high-risk project aimed at modernising the hydrogen combustion engines on a submarine. The article describes technical issues connected with obtaining hydrogen-air mixes.</abstract>

The Risk of Hydrogen Explosion an a Submarine Part 3 Production of Hydrogen Mixes

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Fish consumption is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. The health benefits of fish consumption are attributed to high content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that n-3 PUFAs improve the function of the normal and damaged endothelium. It is recommended to eat two servings of fish per week.
The aim of the review was to find publications about the nutritional value of carp meat and its possible uses as functional food for patients with cardiovascular disease.
A search for open–access original full texts sin PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline Complete database was performed in June 2022. A total of 490 results were found. Eventually 22 articles were included for systematic review.
Carp consumption improves plasma lipid profile and therefore it could be considered a functional food. Carp meat is rich in essential amino acids too. The carp culture systems decide about PUFA and protein content in the meat. Carp can be cooked as traditional dishes or carp powder can be added to other dishes to enrich their nutritional value. The recommended method of carp meat preparation to preserve its’ nutritional value is oven baking. Carp meat or carp powder can be used as functional food for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
</abstract>

May food become medicine - does carp meat have a chance to become a functional food for people with cardiovascular disease?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article is another in a series of articles on the research and implementation of saturation diving technology in Poland. It discusses the specificities related to the implementation of this technology against the background of economic and historical conditions in our country. In Poland, the issue of saturation diving for the needs of the emerging offshore mining industry has been for over a dozen years dealt with by the Department of Diving Equipment and Technology of Underwater Works (Polish abbr. ZSNiTPP). In parallel, deep diving technologies were developed, in the first stage, as a basic diving technology and, since 1994, as complementary to ensure the full backup for saturation diving. Since 1995, saturation diving has become an everyday occurrence in the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea. This article shows the difficult path that the implementation of saturation diving took during a period of economic instability when the scale of the domestic offshore industry's facilities was small compared to global companies. Selected animators and participants in the implementation are recalled for two periods: one marked with the cooperation with the Italian underwater services company RANA and the other one, a period of implementation of long-term underwater works based on national capabilities. The article also considers the technical and organisational conditions for the implementation of saturation diving for the Polish mining industry. In 1990, the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Company Petrobaltic (today LOTOS) played one of the key roles in the implementation of saturation diving in our country. The implementation of saturation diving in Poland was linked to the only operational diving system of Italian production, the Af-2, which enabled scientific research related to the application of new technical solutions and testing under operational conditions, as well as contributed to the development of scientific, engineering, and medical staff for the Polish offshore industry. The company played one of the main roles in the implementation of saturation diving in our country The 1995 became a landmark year in the history of saturation diving in Poland, as well as in the Baltic Sea. Through this technology, the process of installing the first two underwater exploitation heads on production wells B3-7 and B3-10 was initiated. The saturation diving was possible thanks to the leasing of the Af-2 diving system by Petrobaltic and its subsequent purchase by the Naval Academy in 1998.This system, after a series of upgrades, is still in service today.
</abstract>

Polish Studies on Saturation Diving and Practical Application of Their Findings. Part III a Technical and Organisational Issues of the Implementation of Saturation Diving in Poland from the 1990s Onwards. Part 1

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Body modifications consist in changing the appearance. They gain more and more popularity. The most popular forms of body modification are tattooing and piercing. The aim of the study is a longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of body modifications in the form of tattoos and piercings among students of pharmacy at the Medical University of Lublin and their knowledge about the possible complications of such interventions.
The study was conducted using a validated questionnaire. The study with the participation of first-year pharmacy students was conducted in 2017, and with the participation of sixth-year pharmacy students in 2022. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous.
The respondents approved the modification in the form of piercings in the ears to the greatest extent, and invasive body modifications to the least extent. The percentage of people having body modifications has not changed significantly over time, but their awareness of the possible complications of such procedures has increased. Piercings and tattoos, in the opinion of pharmacy students, are not stigmatizing.
The knowledge of future pharmacists about the possible complications of piercing and tattooing increases with the duration of their studies.
</abstract>

Longitudinal study of the frequency of body modifications, attitudes towards them and knowledge about the complications of such procedures among pharmacy students

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Trace elements are essential for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the body, and condition the proper functioning of the human organism. Micronutrients influence a number of metabolic processes in the dermis and epidermis. An excess or deficiency of trace elements may represent a potential threat to human health with implications for skin condition. This study reviews the literature on the effects of copper, zinc and selenium on skin condition.
</abstract>

The effect of cooper, zinc and selenium on skin condition

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Disorders related to labyrinth irritation (kinetosis) constitute a significant problem in sea travel, especially in sea service. A team of military researchers conducted research on a very large group (over 200 people) regarding the possibility of preventing seasickness through physical training. An original set of exercises was developed and performed by the study group. Then, the sensitivity of the test group and the control group to rocking was checked in laboratory and real conditions (sea cruise). The method has been shown to be over 50% effective in preventing and alleviating the symptoms of seasickness. The use of selected physical exercises may be an effective training against the risk of kinetosis.
</abstract>

Physical training in the prevention of sea sickness

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Introduction: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, especially among youth. The main cause of obesity in young people is a combination of excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In addition to individual dietary and physical activity behaviors, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic and environmental factors, and comorbidities may contribute to obesity.
Aim: The study aims to examine and compare the factors determining food preferences and habits as well as the occurrence of overweight and obesity among teenagers and youth in Poland and Belarus.
Material and methods: An anonymous questionnaire consisting of 58 questions based on the Eating Behavior Questionnaire (QEB) was used. Responses were received from 700 young people from Poland and 690 from Belarus, some of whom were rejected. The data was collected in May and June 2021 and analyzed in the Statistica program (statistically significant results at p&lt;0.05). The research was financed by a grant from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange.
Results: The study group was divided into four groups in terms of age and nationality: Poles &lt;20 years old (428 people), Belarusians &lt;20 years old (222 people), Poles 20-29 years old (210 people), and Belarusians 20-29 years old (295 people ). The correct BMI had 66.7%, 74.3%, 70.7%, and 71.2% of the respondents, respectively (p=0.057; p=0.888). In both age groups, in the Mann-Whitney U test, there are significant differences in the number of meals per day (p&lt;0.001) - Poles eat 4 or 5 meals a day more often, and Belarusians 3. In the chi-square test, both age groups showed a significant statistical difference (p&lt;0.001) in the question about eating breakfast every day - Poles eat breakfast more often than Belarusians. The Mann-Whitney U test showed no differences in sleep duration between the respondents from both countries (p=0.453; p=0.905).
Conclusions: The results of the research indicate a strong need to implement educational programs to raise the awareness among young people about healthy eating. Obesity, skipping breakfast, too few meals during the day, and their incorrect composition indicate the direction of pro-health policy, which will be conducive to making the right food choices for youth.
</abstract>

Nutritional and Lifestyle Factors Determining the Problem of Overweight and Obesity Among Teenagers and Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic – A Comparative Survey Study Among Poles and Belarusians

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Scientific diving is increasingly being used for numerous studies. Moreover, this form of diving allows for the conduction of interdisciplinary research. The current nomenclature of this type of dive is defined as scuba diving to collect information to support science by using diving techniques. Underwater research is particularly important in the natural sciences where it allows for the non-invasive observations of fauna and flora of aquatic ecosystems in their natural environment. At the same time, the use of diving for scientific purposes avoids mistakes made in random sampling, which is related to the use of classical sampling methods. As a result, such diving is crucial in systematic, ecological and behavioural analysis. Nevertheless, dive techniques, however versatile, require optimisation, separate study and systematisation, depending on the type of research conducted. This article is an attempt to present an outline of the topic, to systematise basic concepts in presenting the principles of legal regulations in Poland and abroad..</abstract>

Scientific diving in natural sciences

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Objective.</bold> This research examines the emerging role of FMS™ in the context of predicting lower extremity injury in females University athletes. The secondary purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between FMS performance comparisons between three martial arts sports to establish baseline comparisons.
<bold>Method.</bold> Forty-seven university female athletes were recruited for this study, The data collected was separated into three groups based on their sports discipline (judo N=17 age: 19±4, wrestling N=15 age: 18±5, karate N=15 age: 19±3), Independent t-tests were performed on each group with significance being set at P&lt;0.05 to determine difference in FMS™ scores between injured and non injured athletes during the successive competitive seasons. One-way analyses of variances were used to determine if there was a significant difference between sports, ‘body parts injured’ groups, and ‘mechanisms of injury’ groups.
<bold>Results.</bold> One-way analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant difference between the two (ankle, knee) injury groups, and non-injury group (F2,54= 2.34; p=0.106). There was no statistical difference between the pre-season FMS™ scores of the injured and non-injured groups (t47 = -1.68; P=.100; d=0.52; 95%CI: -0.11, 1.15). Finally, strong evidence of FMS score was found when comparing the three sports with one-way ANOVAs (F=5.83, df= 2, 54, p=0.005).
<bold>Conclusion.</bold> One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that FMS™ has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying lower extremity injury in female athletes. Further investigation and experimentation into FMS™ are strongly recommended before implementing them into a pre-participation physical examination (PPE) for combat sports. What is now needed is a cross-national study involving other sports.
</abstract>

Functional Movement Screening as a Predictor of Injury in Highly Trained Female’s Martial Arts Athletes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The activity of selected antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes, and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in blood plasma and erythrocytes, were determined in people subjected to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy due to sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Venous blood samples were taken immediately before entering the hyperbaric chamber and 5 min after leaving it. In the study group, two age subgroups were distinguished: group I consisting of subjects under 35 and group II consisting of subjects over 50. The obtained values were analysed statistically using Student’s t-test. Differences were considered as statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. A statistically significant decrease in the CAT activity was shown 5 min after leaving the hyperbaric chamber in pooled subjects (p &lt; 0.01) and group I (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in the erythrocyte TBARS concentration was observed in group II (p &lt; 0.05). It was demonstrated that a single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen affects the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium as evidenced by, e.g., a statistically significant decrease in the activity of catalase in erythrocytes. It is possible that the antioxidant response to HBO depends on the age of subjects.</abstract>

The Oxidant–Antioxidant Equilibrium in the Blood of People with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss After the First Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Session – A Preliminary Study

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Decision-making in problem situations is based on up-to-date and reliable information. A great deal of information is subject to rapid changes, hence it may be outdated or manipulated and enforce erroneous decisions. It is crucial to have the possibility to assess the obtained information. In order to ensure its reliability it is best to obtain it with an own measurement process. In such a case, conducting assessment of measurement system reliability seems to be crucial. The article describes general approach to assessing reliability of measurement systems.</abstract>

Measurement System Reliability Assessment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This article is a brief description of a new methodology1 for utilising the <italic>Nx – SCR CRABE SCUBA</italic> rebreather 2. This new approach differs from that described in a previous article [1,2]. The new methodology is based on a Polish theory3 mainly consisting of deterministic methods4 of modelling semi-closed circuit rebreathers. Further research5 can henceforth be carried out in a more reliable and efficient manner than ever before.</abstract>

Designing of diving technologies – process approach

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Polish Hyperbaric Research

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