<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In accordance with the guidelines of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 (WFD), both ecological and chemical statuses determine the assessment of surface waters. The profile of ecological status is based on the analysis of various biological components, and physicochemical and hydromorphological indicators complement this assessment. The aim of this article is to present the biological methods used in the assessment of water status with a special focus on bioassay, as well as to provide a review of methods of monitoring water status. Biological test methods include both biomonitoring and bioanalytics. Water biomonitoring is used to assess and forecast the status of water. These studies aim to collect data on water pollution and forecast its impact. Biomonitoring uses organisms which are characterized by particular vulnerability to contaminants. Bioindicator organisms are algae, fungi, bacteria, larval invertebrates, cyanobacteria, macroinvertebrates, and fish. Bioanalytics is based on the receptors of contaminants that can be biologically active substances. In bioanalytics, biosensors such as viruses, bacteria, antibodies, enzymes, and biotests are used to assess degrees of pollution.</abstract>

Biological methods used to assess surface water quality

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The objective of the present study was to analyze the morphometric variations of the three presumed taxa within the <italic>Barbonymus</italic> group, namely <italic>B. gonionotus</italic>, referred to locally as naleh; <italic>B. schwanenfeldii</italic>, referred to locally as lampam-A; and <italic>Barbonymus</italic> sp. referred to locally as lampam-B. The naleh samples were collected from Nagan Raya District, while lampam-A and lampam-B were collected from Aceh Tamiang District, Indonesia. Traditional morphometric characters were measured in 150 fish samples (50 individuals of every taxon). The results of univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (Discriminant function analysis, DFA) analyses showed that lampam-A and lampam-B have overlapping morphological characteristics, whereas naleh were distinctly different. Therefore, it is presumed that lampan A and lampan B are the same species of <italic>B. schwanenfeldii</italic>. It was concluded that the morphometric data indicated that there are two species of <italic>Barbonymus</italic> in Aceh waters, i.e., <italic>B. schwanenfeldii</italic> and <italic>B. gonionotus.</italic></abstract>

Morphometric variations of the Genus <italic>Barbonymus</italic> (Pisces, Cyprinidae) harvested from Aceh Waters, Indonesia

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This study was designed to evaluate morphological differences between cultured and wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Fish samples were collected from the lower Benue River (axis in Makurdi), while cultured fish were obtained from the University of Agriculture Makurdi research farm. The results revealed significant sex-related variation in the fish from different environments. Significant differences were observed in all morphometric parameters measured and in three of the five meristic counts recorded. Discriminant analysis and cluster analysis of morphometric parameters showed a high divergence among the populations, hence the tested fish samples were grouped into respective environments by sex. The meristic count, however, overlapped broadly showing no divergence among the populations. The morphometric differences between the cultured and wild African catfish could have been linked to genetic differences or environmental factors or a combination of both factors.</abstract>

Intraspecific morphological variation between cultured and wild Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae, Siluriformes)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with sunflower meal had on common carp, <italic>Cyprinus carpio</italic> L. fingerlings. A total of 455 fish with an average weight of 3.03 ± 0.36 g were distributed in 15 fiberglass tanks and fed five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with replacement levels of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal with sunflower meal for 10 weeks. Based on the results, the highest and lowest final weights were observed at 25 and 100%, respectively, although the differences at 50 and 75% were not significant compared to the control. Significant differences were observed in body composition excluding ash content. Differences in all hematological indices among treatments were not significant, but in plasma biochemical indices, there was a significant decline in triglyceride levels at 100%, and cholesterol was significantly higher in the control. The results of the current study demonstrate that replacing fish meal with sunflower meal is possible up to 75% for common carp fingerlings without negative impacts on growth, body composition, or hematological and plasma biochemical indices.</abstract>

Effects of replacing fish meal with sunflower meal on growth performance, body composition, hematological and biochemical indices of common carp (<italic>Cyprinus carpio</italic>) fingerlings

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the research was to investigate the impact iodine solution disinfection had on <italic>Salmo trutta</italic> (L.) egg survival rates during incubation, and to determine the effect of the disinfection procedure on egg shells using scanning microscopy. The study groups were bathed in a Desamar K30 solution at a concentration of 100 ml per 10 dm-3 for 10 m once after the eggs had hardened and four times after the eyed stage. Egg samples for scanning analyses were collected on day 30 of incubation at the eyed stage after the first bath in the iodophor solution, and then at the end of incubation. Egg surface images were analyzed for the number of bacteria, the presence of hyphae, and the egg surface area covered with sediments. No statistically significant differences were noted in embryo survival rates in the groups that were disinfected. The highest number of bacteria was observed on egg surfaces which had not been disinfected prior to hatching. A significant amount of sediment was observed on the eggs during incubation. On day 90 of incubation, all of the egg surfaces were covered with sediments. Disinfection was not noted to have had a significant impact on the presence of hyphae. Iodophor preparations can be used for routine disinfection of trout eggs; however, other means of disinfection should be applied before the eyed egg stage.</abstract>

Iodine Disinfection of Sea Trout, <italic>Salmo Trutta</italic> (L.), Eggs and the Affect on Egg Surfaces

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The structural characterization and function of the stomach in the omnivore Pygocentrus nattereri were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The sac-like stomach was morphologically divided into the cardiac and pyloric regions. The histological structure of the stomach consisted of four layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The superficial epithelium of the cardiac stomach was lined with columnar epithelial cells and the glandular epithelium contained numerous gastric glands. Gastric glands were completely absent in the pyloric portion. The mucosal surface of the stomach was a meshwork of various folds, provided with oval or rounded columnar epithelial cells which were densely packed with short, stubby microvilli. The occasional presence of conspicuous gastric pits was surrounded by epithelial cells. The localization and chemical nature of acid and neutral mucins in the various cells of the stomach was studied by employing combined the Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS) technique. The deposition of glycogen was detected in the gastric glands as well as in the epithelial lining of the stomach. The utmost reactions for protein and tryptophan were recorded in the gastric glands of mucosa. The cellular organization and histochemical characterization of the stomach are discussed in relation to the feeding and digestion of the fish concerned.</abstract>

Department of Zoology, Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya, Itachuna, Hooghly-712 147, West Bengal, India

Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713 104, West Bengal, India

Histological, surface ultrastructural, and histochemical study of the stomach of red piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The cellular peculiarities and histochemical nature of the stomach in the freshwater catfish <italic>Clupisoma garua</italic> (Hamilton) were explored with light microscopic analysis. The pouch shaped muscular stomach was distinguished into the anterior cardiac and posterior pyloric regions. Histologically, the wall of stomach consisted of four distinct layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and very thin serosa. The mucosa contained two kinds of epithelia: the superficial epithelium lined with columnar epithelial cells and the glandular epithelium crowded with numerous gastric glands that open through gastric pits. The vascularized submucosa was made up of loose connective tissues that extended into the mucosa forming lamina propria. The well-developed muscular layer was composed of an inner thick layer of circular muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle bands. The detection and localization of mucopolysaccharides, glycogen, protein, and tryptophan in the various cells bounded in the stomach were described with the feeding behavior of the fish concerned.
</abstract>

Histology and histochemistry of the stomach of an Asian schilbeid, <italic>Clupisoma garua</italic> (Hamilton)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A few reports indicate the beneficial effects of organic acids and their salts on anti-infective immunity in fish species. In the role of immunostimulants, inorganic acids may prove to be a much cheaper alternative to their organic equivalents. However, no report has described the effect of using inorganic acid as a feed additive on fish immunity. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a fish feed supplement on cellular immunity in the stomachless fish, cypriniform vimba bream, <italic>Vimba vimba</italic> (L.). Two groups, three replicates each, of juvenile vimba were fed a commercial dry fish diet or its variant containing a 1.5% additive of HCl for 55 days. The experiment was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system at 25°C. Mortality, growth, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, respiratory burst activity (RBA), potential killing activity (PKA), and the proliferative response of head kidney lymphocytes were determined for both groups at the end of the experiment and compared. The PKA was higher in the group fed the diet with HCl. For all other parameters studied, there were no significant differences between the experimental groups. The results of the current study prove that the dietary additive of inorganic hydrochloric acid can substantially improve immune response to bacterial infections in juvenile vimba bream.
</abstract>

Improved innate immunity in juvenile vimba bream (<italic>Vimba vimba</italic>) fed a dry diet with an additive of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of feeds with or without β-glucan-based immunomodulatory supplements (groups BF and UB or B and U, respectively; feeding period 14 and 28 days) on the welfare of brown trout. The diets tested did not influence the rearing indices. The type of feed and the feeding period were confirmed to have a significant influence on the white blood cell (WBC) count. WBC counts were lower than those in the initial sample particularly on day 14 of the experiment. Red blood cell (RBC) counts and hematocrit (HCT) were determined by feeding period, and the values of these parameters decreased the longer the tested feeds were applied. These changes were accompanied by increases in the values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Feed type determined levels of chloride ion (Cl-) and ammonia (NH3) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and feeding period affected sodium (Na+) and albumin (ALB) concentrations, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity depended on both factors. Changes in leukograms were noted in all the groups, inter alia, significant increases in the share of lymphocytes, and after changing diets, decreases in the percentage of neutrophils, myeloperoxidase activity (AMPO) in phagocytes and cidal ability (CA). After day 28, AMPO and CA values increased and were significantly higher in groups BF and UB.
</abstract>

Do immunomodulatory substances facilitate recovery from stress caused by feed changes in juvenile brown trout (<italic>Samo trutta</italic> m. <italic>fario</italic> L.)?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Waterbodies are polluted by human activities or the increasing intensity of these activities, and this affects fish populations. The quality of the water fish inhabit directly impacts their growth and overall health. Length-weight relationships (LWRs) and relative condition factors (Kn) were estimated for three freshwater fish species from the Sutlej River of India from October 2020 to May 2022. A total of 232 fish specimens were caught with cast and gill nets in Gobindsagar Reservoir, Himachal Pradesh and Ropar Wetland, Punjab. Total length was strongly correlated with all the morphological characters (p &lt; 0.001). The growth coefficients calculated (b) for <italic>Bangana dero</italic>, <italic>Cyprinus carpio</italic>, and <italic>Sperata seenghala</italic> were 2.858, 2.506, and 2.555, respectively, and indicated negative allometric growth. The correlation coefficients (r) indicated strong linear relationships between the weights and lengths of all three fish species. The outcomes of this study will help fisheries researchers, environmentalists, and scientists to develop future monitoring and conservation strategies for these fish species.
</abstract>

Length-weight relationships and condition factors of three freshwater fish species – <italic>Bangana dero</italic> (Ham.), <italic>Cyprinus carpio</italic> L., and <italic>Sperata seenghala</italic> (Sykes) – from the Sutlej River, India

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study analyzed time-dependent effects of vaccination against <italic>Y. ruckeri</italic> on the oxidative mechanism underlying those effects by detecting relevant lipid peroxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and protein oxidation biomarkers [aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins (OMP)], antioxidant defenses [activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], as well as activities of lysosomal functioning [alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP), leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)] in hepatic tissue of rainbow trout, <italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic> (Walbaum) following anti-<italic>Y. ruckeri</italic> vaccination in the first, second, and sixth months. A concentrated vaccine with <italic>Y. ruckeri</italic> strains was enclosed in fish feed and was administered three times every other day. Rainbow trout from each group were euthanized 31, 61, and 181 days following vaccination, and hepatic tissue was sampled for analysis. In the current study, vaccination against <italic>Y. ruckeri</italic> resulted in a no statistically significant change in TBARS levels, while aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of OMP in hepatic tissue decreased, especially after the first and second months following immunization. Moreover, the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes increased, especially after the first and sixth months. The highest TAC levels were observed two and six months after vaccination. It has been shown that vaccination-related oxidative stress in hepatic tissue is involved in adaptive responses through the temporary mobilization of antioxidant and lysosomal enzymes in rainbow trout. The present study showed the effect of vaccination on lysosome membrane permeability for carbohydrate cleavage after the development of immunity against <italic>Yersinia</italic>, whereas antioxidant defence was reduced. Our results confirmed that the concept of preserving antioxidant enzyme function after vaccination was also evident when CAT, GR, and GPx activities either increased or were unchanged following vaccination.
</abstract>

Time-dependent changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of lysosomal and antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissue of rainbow trout (<italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic> Walbaum) following vaccination against <italic>Yersinia ruckeri</italic>

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Mass fish kills caused by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) failure are uncommon. In this study, we analyzed the recovery of the fish community in the Czarna Hańcza River after a fish kill caused by a WWTP incident in Suwałki in 2018. The research focused on brown trout, the dominant fish species in this river. The incident lasted about six hours and accounted for 7% of the mean river’s flow during the accident. The fish population recovered quickly, and ten months after the fish kill, the number of fish species and their abundance were similar to the pre-incident state, but the species structure was different. In subsequent years, fish species richness decreased conspicuously, while their numbers remained at a high, relatively constant level. Species that are more resistant to difficult environmental conditions, such as white bream and European perch, returned to the river first. Concurrently with the improvement of environmental conditions, more demanding species, including brown trout, began to dominate in the river. Fulton’s condition factors decreased significantly as the river self-purified and the density of the brown trout population increased (P &lt; 0.05). Our results indicated that the brown trout population was able to recover relatively quick, presumably because of stocking. Other species that were not stocked required more time to recover.
</abstract>

Changes in the fish community of the Czarna Hańcza River (NE Poland) after a fish kill caused by a wastewater treatment plant failure

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Controlled reproduction of pikeperch <italic>Sander lucioperca</italic> (L.): a review</title>Mastering techniques for conducting the controlled reproduction of a given fish species, the procedures for performing hormonal stimulation, and the choice of the appropriate hormonal preparation and dosage all have a significant impact on the effectiveness of spawning, and, in turn, on the quantity of stocking material produced. This paper presents reproduction techniques for pikeperch, one of the most economically valuable species of freshwater European fish. The methods discussed include cage spawning, the artificial reproduction of wild fish (obtained from the natural environment), and out-of-season spawning. The principles of stimulating spawning with either photothermal or hormonal methods are also described. It is demonstrated that using <italic>in vivo</italic> methods for determining the maturation stage of oocytes and hormonal stimulation (especially in less mature females) permits increasing cage and artificial spawning of wild fish. Among the hormones and hormonal preparations tested to date in the artificial spawning of pikeperch (gonadotropins (GtH), gonadoliberins (GnRH), and synthetic analogues (GnRHa)), the most effective have been carp pituitary extract (CPE) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This paper also presents the most recent techniques used in the production of pikeperch stocking material.</abstract>

Department of Aquaculture, The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland

Department of Ichthyology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland

Controlled reproduction of pikeperch <italic>Sander lucioperca</italic> (L.): a review

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The Influence of Temperature during the Embryonic Period on Larval Growth and Development in Carp, <italic>Cyprinus Carpio</italic> L., and Grass Carp, <italic>Ctenopharyngodon Idella</italic> (Val.): Theoretical and Practical Aspects</title>This work proposes modifications to the existing system for identifying the steps of embryonic and larval development in fish. The term "compensatory phase of development" is proposed for the phase from hatching to the first intake of food. Both the new designations of these steps and the new name of this phase do not require a declaration of whether the hatched individual is considered to be an embryo or a larva, something that has been, to date, a matter of dispute. Unification will allow for the wider use of the new nomenclature, and make easier the comparison of results. This work examines the influence of the thermal history during the embryonic period (temperatures of 20, 24, 28, and 32°C) on later development, growth, and survival of common carp, <italic>Cyprinus carpio</italic> L., and grass carp, <italic>Ctenopharyngodon idella</italic> (Val.) larvae, at a constant temperature of 23°C. It was confirmed that the optimal temperature ranges for the embryonic development of common carp and grass carp are higher than those currently applied widely in practice of 18-22°C and 21-26°C, respectively. Based on the evaluation of the development, growth, and survival of the larvae, it was determined that the optimal temperature for embryonic development is 26-28°C for the common carp and 32°C for the grass carp. It was confirmed that even a short-term increase in temperature from 20°C to 24°C during the compensatory phase has a positive influence on subsequent common carp larvae growth.</abstract>

The Influence of Temperature during the Embryonic Period on Larval Growth and Development in Carp, <italic>Cyprinus Carpio</italic> L., and Grass Carp, <italic>Ctenopharyngodon Idella</italic> (Val.): Theoretical and Practical Aspects

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The objective of the present study was to determine the optimum dosage of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the diet of keureling, <italic>Tor tambra</italic> (Val.) fingerlings for optimal growth performance and feed utilization. Five doses of vitamin E were tested: 0 mg kg−1 feed (control); 150 mg kg−1 feed; 300 mg kg−1 feed; 450 mg kg−1 feed; 600 mg kg−1. The feed ratio was 5% body weight, which was delivered twice daily at 08:00 and 17:00 for 60 days. The results showed that higher growth performance, feeding conversion ratios, feed efficiency, protein retention, and protein digestibility were obtained at 600 mg kg−1 feed, but the value was not significantly different from the other doses. The optimal dose in terms of the hepatosomatic index and survival rate was 300 mg kg−1. Hence, it was concluded that the optimum, most economical dose of vitamin E supplement for keureling (<italic>T. tambra</italic>) was 150 mg kg−1 feed, because this value was not significantly different from the doses of 300 and 600 mg kg−1 feed.</abstract>

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang, Malaysia

Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang, Malaysia

Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling (<italic>Tor tambra</italic>) fingerlings fed a formulated diet with different doses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Effect of sex reversal in rainbow trout (<italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic> Walbaum) using 17α-methyltestosterone and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione</title>The aim of the experiment was to compare the effectiveness of sex reversal in mature female rainbow trout using 17α-methyltestosterone (6 ppm-MT) and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (20 ppm-OHA). Hormones were administered with the first exogenous feed for up to 60 days. Among the fish treated with OHA, 95% females were reversed into mature neo-males and 1.6% to bisexual individuals. Among the fish treated with MT only, 59.7% females were reversed to neo-males and 1.8% to bisexual individuals. Functional neo-males were 1.6% and 5.3%, respectively. The rest of the neo-males had obstructed seminal vesicles in various stages. The gonadsomatic index was 3.9% at age 3+ in both groups of mature fish. The shape of the testes ranged from elongated to stunted. The bisexual fish had immature oocytes and mature testes with viable semen that was used for egg fertilization.</abstract>

Effect of sex reversal in rainbow trout (<italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic> Walbaum) using 17α-methyltestosterone and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Artificial off-season spawning of Eurasian perch <italic>Perca fluviatilis</italic> L.</title>The aim of the study was to conduct off-season spawning of perch, Perca <italic>fluviatilis</italic> L. Spawners were obtained in late September from Lake Kortowskie. The fish were transported to the hatchery and divided into two size groups: G1 - small fish (30-70 g), and G2 - large fish (200-400 g). All males from G1 group spermiated after a two-month period of photo-thermal stimulation, but only 25% of the males from G2 group produced milt. Better results were obtained with fish that were stimulated after three months of chilling. All the stimulated males spermiated and produced higher volumes of milt. The best results, defined as ovulation success and embryo survival to the eyed-egg-stage, as well as spawner survival rate, were obtained with large females (G2-B) stimulated with a double dose of hormone (2 Ovopel pellets kg-1). The egg strands obtained from females from group A (small and large fish stimulated with GnRHa and metoclopramide at 0.1 and 1 pellet kg-1after 24 hr) were usually fragmented. All females responded to the hormonal injections after 4 to 5 days.</abstract>

Department of Aquaculture, The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland

Department of Lake and River Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland

Artificial off-season spawning of Eurasian perch <italic>Perca fluviatilis</italic> L.

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Fisheries & Aquatic Life

The Journal of Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute

Fisheries &amp; Aquatic Life formerly: Archives of Polish Fisheries(ISSN 2545-0255, E-ISSN 2083-6139) Cite as: Fish. Aquat. Life <P...

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 Fisheries &amp; Aquatic Life  formerly: Archives of Polish Fisheries(ISSN 2545-0255, E-ISSN 2083-6139) ...

Fisheries & Aquatic Life

The Journal of Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute

Histology and histochemistry of the stomach of an Asian schilbeid, Clupisoma garua (Hamilton)

Improved innate immunity in juvenile vimba bream (Vimba vimba) fed a dry diet with an additive of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Do immunomodulatory substances facilitate recovery from stress caused by feed changes in juvenile brown trout (Samo trutta m. fario L.)?

Length-weight relationships and condition factors of three freshwater fish species – Bangana dero (Ham.), Cyprinus carpio L., and Sperata seenghala (Sykes) – from the Sutlej River, India

Time-dependent changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of lysosomal and antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) following vaccination against Yersinia ruckeri

Changes in the fish community of the Czarna Hańcza River (NE Poland) after a fish kill caused by a wastewater treatment plant failure