Retraction Note

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Aim</h3>
<p>The present study was aimed at preparing stable dry adsorbed nanoparticles (DANs) of olanzapine (OLZ) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for sustained release.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials/methods</h3>
<p>OLZ SLNs were prepared by hot melt emulsification and ultrasonication using Precirol ATO 5 (PRE) as a solid lipid, combination of Kolliphor ELP (KELP) and Tween 80 (T80) as surfactants, after optimising formulation and process variables. The SLN system was subjected to evaluation of particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), <italic>in-vitro</italic> drug release and <italic>ex-vivo</italic> intestinal permeability studies using the chicken intestinal segments (jejunum). Further, these SLNs were converted into stable DANs by adsorbing onto a Neusilin US2 (NUS2) and Avicel CL 611 (ACL) carriers using the granulation-evaporative drying method. The DANs were characterised for redispersion properties, <italic>in-vitro</italic> drug release, thermal behaviour, crystallinity, and morphology.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The SLN and DAN had a particle size of 238.0 nm [0.274 polydispersity index (PdI)] and 302.4 [0.494 PdI] respectively. The zeta potentials of SLN and DAN were found to be −29.3 mV and −26.3 mV, respectively. The SLN had 67% EE, and showed a sustained drug release in various media. The highest permeability of SLNs was observed in <italic>ex-vivo</italic> permeation model compared to the OLZ suspension, indicating that SLNs have the potential to bypass hepatic metabolism. The adsorption of SLNs onto carriers was confirmed by surface morphology. The DAN had good flow properties and sustained drug release similar to that of SLNs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and endothermic peaks confirmed the complete encapsulation of actives in lipid matrices.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The encapsulating of OLZ in SLNs and converting it into DAN showed a sustained release and adsorption technique that can be used for improving the stability of NLC dispersion. The DANs can be offered in dosage forms such as filling into sachets, capsules and compressed into tablets.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Formulation development, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation of dry adsorbed solid lipid nanoparticles: an approach of overcoming olanzapine drawbacks

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Aim</h3>
<p>To determine the content of phenolcarboxylic acids using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS) in the obtained extract, conduct a study of the antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of <italic>Rubus idaeus</italic> shoot lipophilic extract.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Material/methods</h3>
<p>The quantification of phenolcarboxylic was accomplished through GC–MS, antioxidant activity was assessed by potentiometric method, antimicrobial and antifungal activities were determined by well method.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The 8 compounds were identified by the GC–MS method. The vanillic acid (2.59 ± 0.08 mg/100 g), benzoic acid (1.51±0.08 mg/100 g), and ferulic acid (0.79±0.04 mg/100 g) dominated in the obtained lipophilic <italic>R. idaeus</italic> shoot extract. <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (17.00 ± 0.50 mm) was the most sensitive to lipophilic extract, whereas <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic> was the most resistant to the lipophilic extract. Moreover, <italic>Candida albicans</italic> was medium sensitive to lipophilic extract (13.50 ± 0.50 mm). The antioxidant activity was 1.00 mmol-equiv./m<sub>dry res</sub>; according to Maslov's antioxidant level classification it has low level.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>The lipophilic extract from <italic>R. idaeus</italic> shoots contains various phenolcarboxylic acids, including vanillic acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid, <italic>p</italic>-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, gentisic acid, salicylic acid, and phenylacetic acid, with the highest concentrations observed for vanillic, benzoic, and ferulic acids. This study highlights the antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the <italic>R. idaeus</italic> shoot lipophilic extract. However, the obtained lipophilic extract showed a relatively low level of antioxidant activity. Consequently, the derivatives of phenolcarboxylic acids play a substantial role in the antimicrobial and antifungal effects, whereas their contribution to antioxidant activity appears to be limited.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Investigation of Phenolcarboxylic Acids by GC–MS of Raspberry (<italic>Rubus idaeus</italic> L.) Shoot Lipophilic Extract

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Objective</h3>
<p>The objective of the present investigation is to improve the solubility of valsartan and prepare immediate release tablets.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods</h3>
<p>To increase the solubility and bioavailability of valsartan, a low-soluble antihypertensive drug, immediate release dosage forms were formulated by a direct compression method using a solid dispersion technique with three different carriers (β-cyclodextrin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 and poloxamer 188) at three different ratios (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5). Nine physical mixtures (PM1–PM9) were prepared and various physical parameters were characterised in <italic>in vitro</italic> release studies.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Out of the prepared physical mixtures, PM8 showed the best results, with 94.2% of the drug dissolving within 30 min. Formulation PM8 solid dispersion further used for the preparation of valsartan immediate release tablets by using sodium starch glycolate superdisintegrant, at different concentrations (3%, 4% and 5%; i.e., IF1, IF2 and IF3 formulations, respectively). The optimised formulation showed friability and disintegration values of 0.456±0.9 and 6.2±0.4 min. Among the three immediate release formulations, IF2, which contains 4% sodium starch glycolate, demonstrated an 84.46% drug release in 30 min and a 99.69% drug release in 1 hr, indicating increased drug solubility. When compared with a valsartan pure drug, the solubility of the solid dispersion increased by 135.06-fold.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Discussion and conclusion</h3>
<p>The results show that the optimised IF2 formulation demonstrated enhanced drug solubility by 135.06-fold, using a solid dispersion technique with poloxamer 188. This can be explained by the conversion of crystalline to an amorphous form of drug, leading to a reduction in the contact angle between the drug and the gastric medium. It can be concluded that poloxamer 188 is a suitable carrier and that use of a physical mixture technique is an applicable method to improve the solubility of valsartan.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Centurion University of Technology and Management

Development and Characterisation of Valsartan Immediate Release Dosage Form Using Solubility Enhancement Technique

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>White-water yam (<italic>Dioscorea alata L</italic>.) is one of the potential sources of starch; however, it is not yet available for commercial purposes. Besides, native white-water yam starch (WS) presents limited functionality due to poor flowability, mechanical properties and instability at high temperature and acidic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to modify the starch to improve its characteristics and make it useful as an excipient for the preparation of the tablets.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods</h3>
<p>The modification of WS was achieved by physical and chemical treatments, specifically pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation, respectively. Pre-gelatinization WS involves heating, meanwhile phosphorylation WS is obtained by treating WS with sodium tripolyphosphate.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The results showed that the powder of the modified WS has good characteristics which improved the flowability of the powder mixture as a granule based on density, porosity, compressibility index and swelling power determination. The WS granules were found to display the oval or irregular (polygonal) shape with the amylose content 11.92±0.61% for unmodified WS, 10.41±0.90% for pre-gelatinized WS and 12.61±1.75% for phosphorylated WS. Furthermore, the granule was formulated as an excipient in tablet preparations, and the formulas were compressed after wet granulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using uniformity of mass and size, hardness, friability and disintegration time. WS modification affects the hardness of tablets when used as a binder. Phosphorylated WS is recommended to be used as a binder in wet granulation formulations because it produces tablets with a longer disintegration time, which means better binding ability. However, the utilization of modified WS with both pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation leads to tablets with low brittleness compared to others with unmodified binder with the disintegration time still met the requirement of fast disintegrating tablet (&lt;15 minutes).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>All the physical properties studied indicated that the modified WS is a promising pharmaceutical excipient in tablets.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam (<italic>Dioscorea alata</italic> L.)

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European Pharmaceutical Journal

  Formerly Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae.  All areas of pharmaceutical and related sciences.  Original research articles.    Why subscribe and read   To get informed on the research in pharmaceutical and related sciences mainly in the central Europe,  Articles written by young talented enthusiastic researchers,  To find new co operations.   Why submit   Official journal of Pharmaceutical Faculty, the oldest faculty of Pharmacy in former Czechoslovakia, keeping the tradition in pharmaceutical education in central Europe,  Fair and constructive review by the experts in the field,  Articles abstracted by online indexing services and databases.   Rejection Rate   50%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

European Pharmaceutical Journal

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Retraction Note

Formulation development, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation of dry adsorbed solid lipid nanoparticles: an approach of overcoming olanzapine drawbacks

Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Investigation of Phenolcarboxylic Acids by GC–MS of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Shoot Lipophilic Extract

Development and Characterisation of Valsartan Immediate Release Dosage Form Using Solubility Enhancement Technique

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

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