[Augustyn, M. (2004). Anthropogenic changes in the environmental parameters of the Bieszczady Mountains. Bio-sphere Conservation, 6, 43-53.]Search in Google Scholar
[Badea, O., Bytnerowicz, A., Silaghi, D., Neagu, S., Barbu, I., Iacoban, C, Iacob, C, Guiman, G., Preda, E., Seceleanu, I., Oneata, M., Dumitru, I., Huber, V., Iuncu, H., Dinca, L., Leca, S. & Taut I. (2012). Status of the Southern Carpathi-an forests in the long-term ecological research network. Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 7491-7515. DOI: 10.1007/ s10661-011-2515-7.10.1007/s10661-011-2515-722234644]Search in Google Scholar
[Bálint, M., Ujvárosi, L., Teissinger, K., Lehrian, S., Mészáros, N. & Pauls S.U. (2011). The Carpathians as a Major Di- versity Hotspot in Europe. Biodiversity Hotspots (pp. 189-205). Berlin: Springer.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bennet, G. (2000). Ecoregion-Based Conservation: The Carpathians: Final Reconnaissance Report. Vienna: WWF-Inter- national Danube-Carpathian Programme.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bihun, Yu. (2005). Principles of sustainable forest management in the framework of regional economic development. Visnyk Lviv Univ Ser. Geogr., 32, 19-32.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bonan, G.B. (2008). Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320, 1444-1449. DOI: 10.1126/science.1155121.10.1126/science.115512118556546]Search in Google Scholar
[Bowen, M.E., McAlpine, C.A., House, A.P.N. & Smith G.C. (2007). Regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land: a review of their habitat values for recovering forest fauna. Biol. Conserv., 140, 273-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.bio- con.2007.08.012.]Search in Google Scholar
[Brunet, J., Fritz, O. & Richnau G. (2010). Biodiversity in European beech forests - a review with recommendations for sustainable forest management. Ecol. Bull., 53, 77-94.]Search in Google Scholar
[CEI (Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative) (2001). Te Status of the Carpathians: A Report Developed as Part of the Car-pathian Ecoregion Initiative. Vienna: World Wildlife Fund-International.]Search in Google Scholar
[Chazdon, R.L. (2008). Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science, 320, 1458-1460. DOI: 10.1126/science.1155365.10.1126/science.115536518556551]Search in Google Scholar
[Connell, J.H. (1978). Diversity in tropical forests and coral reefs. Science, 199, 1302-1310. DOI: 10.1126/science.199.4335.1302.10.1126/science.199.4335.130217840770]Search in Google Scholar
[Cutko, A. (2009). Biodiversity Inventory of Natural Lands: A How-To Manual for Foresters and Biologists. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe.]Search in Google Scholar
[Denisiuk, Z. & Stoyko S.M. (2000). The East Carpathian biosphere reserve (Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine). In A. Brey- meyer & P. Dabrowski (Eds.), Biosphere reserves on borders (pp 79-93). Warsaw: UNESCO.]Search in Google Scholar
[Didukh, Ya. P. (2011). Te ecological scales for the species of Ukrainian fora and their use in synphytoindication. Kiev: Phytosociocentre.]Search in Google Scholar
[Dufrene, M. & Legendre P. (1997). Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a fexible asymmetrical ap- proach. Ecol. Monogr., 67, 345-366. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2.]Search in Google Scholar
[Emery S.M. & Gross K.L. (2006). Dominant species identity regulates invasibility of old-field plant communities. Oikos, 115, 549-558. DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15172.x.10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15172.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Godefroid, S., Phartyal, S.S., Weyembergh, G. & Koedam N. (2005). Ecological factors controlling the abundance of non-native invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina) in deciduous forest understory in Belgium. For. Ecol. Manag, 210, 91-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.024.10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.024]Search in Google Scholar
[Herenchuk, K. (1981). Nature of Zakarpatska Oblast (Transcarpathia). Lviv: Vyshcha Shkola Publishing House.]Search in Google Scholar
[Honnay O., Jacquemyn, H., Bossuyt, B. & Hermy M. (2005). Forest fragmentation efects on patch occupancy and popu- lation viability of herbaceous plant species. New Phytol., 166(3), 723-736. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01352.x.10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01352.x15869637]Search in Google Scholar
[Huston, M. (1979). A general hypothesis of species diversity. Amer. Natur., 113, 81-101. http://www.jstor.org/sta- ble/245994410.1086/283366]Search in Google Scholar
[Kalutsky I.F. (2008). Te forest biocenosis of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains, the problems of their conservationand sustainable development. Proceedings Forest Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: collection of scientifc papers, 6, 55-60.]Search in Google Scholar
[Knight, K.S., Oleksyn, J., Jagodzinski, A.M., Reich, P.B. & Kasprowicz M. (2008). Overstory tree species regulate coloni- zation by native and exotic plants: a source of positive relationships between understorey diversity and invasibility. Divers Distrib., 14, 666-675. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00468.x.10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00468.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Krebs, C. (1978). Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.]Search in Google Scholar
[Krynytsky G.T. & Kramarets V.O. (2009). System of forestry measures on elimination of consequences of mass decline of spruce stands in beech-fr forests of Carpathians. Forestry and agroforestry: Coll. Science. Works, 115, 256-260.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kuemmerle, T., Hostert, P., Radelof, V.C, van derLinden, S., Perzanowski, K. & Kruhlov I. (2008). Cross-border Com- parison of Post-socialist Farmland Abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems, 11, 614-628. DOI: 10.1007/ s10021-008-9146-z.10.1007/s10021-008-9146-z]Search in Google Scholar
[Kuemmerle, T., Chaskovskyy O., Knorn, J., Kruhlov, I., Radelof, V.C, Keeton, W.S. & Hostert P. (2009). Forest cover change and illegal logging in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the transition period from 1988 to 2007. Remote Sens.Environ., 113, 1194-1207. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.006.10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.006]Search in Google Scholar
[Lyons, K.G. & Schwartz M.W. (2001). Rare species loss alters ecosystem function - invasion resistance. Ecol. Lett., 4, 358-365. DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00235.x.10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00235.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Mosyakin, S.L. & Fedoronchuk M. M. (1999). Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. Kiev: M.G. Kholod- ny Institute of Botany]Search in Google Scholar
[Naeem, S. (2006). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in restored ecosystems: extracting principles for a synthetic perspective. In D.A. Falk, M.A. Palmer & J.B. Zedler (Eds.), Foundations of restoration ecology (pp. 210-237). Washington: Island Press. National Atlas of Ukraine (2008). Kiev,]Search in Google Scholar
[Parrotta, J.A. (1995). Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site. J. Veg. Sci, 6(5), 627-636. DOI: 10.2307/3236433.10.2307/3236433]Search in Google Scholar
[Peet, P.K. (1974). The measurement of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 5, 285-307. DOI: 10.1146/annurev. es.05.110174.001441.]Search in Google Scholar
[Peterson, D.W. & Reich P.B. (2008). Fire frequency and tree canopy structure influence plant species diversity in a forest-grassland ecotone. Plant Ecol, 194, 5-16. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-007-9270-4.10.1007/s11258-007-9270-4]Search in Google Scholar
[Rudel, T.K., Coomes, O.T., Moran, E., Achard, F, Angelsen, A., Xu, J.C. & Lambin E. (2005). Forest transitions: towards a global under-standing of land use change. Global Environmental Change, 15, 23-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenv- cha.2004.11.001.]Search in Google Scholar
[Solomakha, V.A. (2008). Syntaxonomy of the vegetation of Ukraine. Kiev: Fitosociocentre.]Search in Google Scholar
[Standovár, T. & Kenderes K. (2003). A review on natural stand dynamics in beechwoods of East Central Europe. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 1, 19-46.10.15666/aeer/01019046]Search in Google Scholar
[Stohlgren, T.J., Barnett, D., Flather, C, Kartesz, J. & Peterjohn B. (2005). Plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the United States. Ecology, 86, 2298-2309. DOI: 10.1890/04-1195.10.1890/04-1195]Search in Google Scholar
[Turnock, D. (2002). Ecoregion-based conservation in the Carpathians and the land-use implications. Land Use Policy, 19, 47-63. DOI: 10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00039-4.10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00039-4]Search in Google Scholar
[USAID (2001). Biodiversity Assessment for Ukraine: Task Order under the Biodiversity and Sustainable Forestry IQC(BIOFOR). Washington: Chemonics International Inc., Environment International Ltd.]Search in Google Scholar
[Usckiy I.M. (2010). Reasons and distributions of pathological processes in the fr-groves of Ukraine. Journal of KhNAU, 5, 165-171.]Search in Google Scholar