<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This article is a further one in an unintended series concerning the design of diving technology [1,2,3]. It contains answers to questions raised by readers upon reading previous articles and by users of the systems described therein by way of example. The articles also refer to the discussion held at the annual NATO Working Group meeting on the various types of decompression presented by the Polish side [4,5,6,7]. The previous articles were linked to the acceptance of the results of the project No. DOB-BIO8/О9/О1/2016 carried out under the contract with the NCBiR National Centre for Research and Development entitled “Decompression schedules for MCM/EOD II diving” carried out in 2016-2021. The current article is linked to the new project No. DOBBIO-12-03-001-2022 implemented under the contract with the NCBiR entitled: “The effects of combat effort and air transport on the safety of combat divers in the execution of underwater combat operations,” scheduled for 2023-2025.
</abstract>

Designing Diving Technology. Part I Decompression Requirements

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study analyzes the effects of an underwater explosion recorded in the Baltic Sea on September 26, 2022, with coordinates: 54.675 North and 15.574 East at a depth of 76.2 m. Based on data from the seismic monitoring system, the detonated charges were estimated at 750 kg of TNT. Then, the empirical equations of R. H. Cole and Warren D. Reid were used to calculate water pressure distribution and determine the danger zones for marine technology, ships, people, and sea fauna. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Based on the calculations, the explosion impact area was determined at over 6,700 m from the epicenter.
</abstract>

Explosion Effects in the Vicinity of the Nord Stream 2 Pipeline on the Environment - Theoretical Analysis

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This article is another in a series of articles on the research and the deployment of saturation diving technology in our country. This part discusses Polish specificities and achievements against the background of economic and historical context. It describes the creation of the base for saturation diving in the times of economic hardship in our country. Over this period, the shipbuilding industry was driving saturation diving research as a basis for the construction of diving systems to be exported to secure the extraction of the resources from the sea shelf. This paper describes the efforts of the animators and protagonists of underwater research in our country, whose work is continued to this day. In its second part the author shows how the Polish system of saturation diving was created. The article also considers the technical and organisational conditions in which the first saturation dives took place and the history of the development of the Polish decompression method for saturation diving. A key role in this difficult task was played by the creation of a base for this industry and research potential, assisted by the relevant state agencies, dedicated for the defence sector. A multiannual National Research and Development Plan (Polish abbr. CPBR) was set up with objectives 9.2 and 9.5 focused on medical and technical research resulting in the development of a diving system with its organisational framework, medical safety solutions, and reliable technology. The outcomes of this programme are still being implemented today. Despite advances in the medical and technical fields as well as organisation, the problems of saturation diving are still pertinent because, regardless of its complexity and high cost, this is the most efficient diving format that allows for very deep diving operations, currently up to 400-500m.
</abstract>

Department of Underwater Works Technology

Studies on Saturation Diving in Poland and Practical Application of Their Findings. Part 2 C. Developing a Polish System of Saturation Diving in the 1980s and 1990s

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, especially among youth. The main cause of obesity in young people is a combination of excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In addition to individual dietary and physical activity behaviors, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic and environmental factors, and comorbidities may contribute to obesity.
Aim: The study aims to examine and compare the factors determining food preferences and habits as well as the occurrence of overweight and obesity among teenagers and youth in Poland and Belarus.
Material and methods: An anonymous questionnaire consisting of 58 questions based on the Eating Behavior Questionnaire (QEB) was used. Responses were received from 700 young people from Poland and 690 from Belarus, some of whom were rejected. The data was collected in May and June 2021 and analyzed in the Statistica program (statistically significant results at p&lt;0.05). The research was financed by a grant from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange.
Results: The study group was divided into four groups in terms of age and nationality: Poles &lt;20 years old (428 people), Belarusians &lt;20 years old (222 people), Poles 20-29 years old (210 people), and Belarusians 20-29 years old (295 people ). The correct BMI had 66.7%, 74.3%, 70.7%, and 71.2% of the respondents, respectively (p=0.057; p=0.888). In both age groups, in the Mann-Whitney U test, there are significant differences in the number of meals per day (p&lt;0.001) - Poles eat 4 or 5 meals a day more often, and Belarusians 3. In the chi-square test, both age groups showed a significant statistical difference (p&lt;0.001) in the question about eating breakfast every day - Poles eat breakfast more often than Belarusians. The Mann-Whitney U test showed no differences in sleep duration between the respondents from both countries (p=0.453; p=0.905).
Conclusions: The results of the research indicate a strong need to implement educational programs to raise the awareness among young people about healthy eating. Obesity, skipping breakfast, too few meals during the day, and their incorrect composition indicate the direction of pro-health policy, which will be conducive to making the right food choices for youth.
</abstract>

Chair and Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology

Student Research Circle at the Chair and Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology

Department of Public Health and Health Services

Nutritional and Lifestyle Factors Determining the Problem of Overweight and Obesity Among Teenagers and Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic – A Comparative Survey Study Among Poles and Belarusians

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Disorders related to labyrinth irritation (kinetosis) constitute a significant problem in sea travel, especially in sea service. A team of military researchers conducted research on a very large group (over 200 people) regarding the possibility of preventing seasickness through physical training. An original set of exercises was developed and performed by the study group. Then, the sensitivity of the test group and the control group to rocking was checked in laboratory and real conditions (sea cruise). The method has been shown to be over 50% effective in preventing and alleviating the symptoms of seasickness. The use of selected physical exercises may be an effective training against the risk of kinetosis.
</abstract>

Physical Training in the Prevention OS Sea Sickness

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of rescue swimming on lifeguard cardiorespiratory system assessed based on heart rate (HR), lung ventilation (VĖ), oxygen uptake (V̇O₂) and blood lactate concentration (LA). Furthermore, we also investigated the possible impact of the rescue equipment of the towed diver on the lifeguard physiological overload and towing speed. Exercise variables were measured in lifeguards aged 25.5 ± 6. years before and immediately after the swimming a distance of 50 m with a person in tow with or without diving equipment. There were no significant effect of different protocols of towing on V̇O₂. The type of towing protocols have a significant effect on HR, VĖ/V̇O₂ ratio, and blood LA levels. The towing time and the average towing speed during simulated rescue operation were significantly different depending on the type of the towing person’s equipment. Towing a diver wearing only a dry suit significantly reduces the towing time, increases towing speed and may be result in better exercise tolerance and less fatigue for rescuer compared to towing a diver in a full classic or wing diving set.
</abstract>

Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences

The Effect of the Configuration of the Dive’s Towed Equioment on the Lifeguguard Physiological Overload

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