<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In the wake of dissenting views on the import of the implementation of the Treasury Single Account (TSA) in Nigeria, the researchers consider it wise to empirically examine the impact of TSA on funds availability for lending to the economy. The research is meant to evaluate and predict what Nigeria should expect in the era of TSA using existing data. Annual financial data of secondary origin, obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin spanning 1975 and 2015 are used in the study. Financial intermediation is represented by Total Credit to the economy (as explained variable) while Total Credit to Private Sector (TCPS), Total Federal Government Revenue (TFREV), Deposit Interest Rate (DPRT), Prime Lending Rate (PLR), Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR) and Liquidity ratio (LIQR) are explanatory variables. TFREV is a direct representation of TSA in the model. The data are analysed using Ordinary Least Square technique of multiple regression. The results clearly show that TFREV assumes a positive and statistically non-significant relationship with TCR. TCPS and DPRT also exhibit a positive relationship with TCR. PLR, CRR and LIQR exhibit negative relationship with TCR, all in line with the expectations of the study. Consequently, the researchers recommend that since government revenues support banks’ lending and increase their liquidity, movement of these funds from commercial banks will exert negative impact on bank liquidity and their ability to grant loans and subsequently heightens the lending rate; therefore, a distributed or liberal form of TSA model should be adopted for the safety of our banking industry.
</abstract>

Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Business Administration

Treasury Single Account and Financial Intermediation in Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The primary purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of CEO bonus compensation: to examine CEO bonuses and to explore whether or not the independent variables are associated with CEO bonus compensation. For the purposes of this study, a sample of 2,448 CEO bonus compensations across 1,622 firms from 1997 to 2002 was used to test several hypotheses. The dependent variable in this model is the CEO bonus compensation. Bonus is the dollar value of the bonus (cash and non-cash) earned by the named executive officer during the fiscal year. Corporate diversification was divided into two categories; international diversification and industry diversification. Firm performance is measured by both Market-based, Performance (RET) and Accounting-based, Performance (ACE). The results show that the higher the degree of international diversification, and the higher accounting earnings performance, the more CEOs receive in bonuses. In addition, this study found that international diversification is associated with a greater use of bonuses and with a greater reliance on accounting-based, rather than market-based measures of firm performance. The results also demonstrated that CEOs in firms with more investment opportunities will receive higher bonuses than CEOs in firms with fewer investment opportunities and CEOs in larger firms will receive higher bonuses than CEOs in smaller firms.
</abstract>

Associate Professor, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Graduate Student, Morgan State University

Associate Professor, Providence University

Professor, University of Houston Clear Lake

Determints of CEO Bonus Compensation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Mobile banking has been a game changer for financial organizations in terms of remote banking services. However, many customers remain uncertain due to its security. Therefore, improving the comprehension of the customer’s reasons and methods of using bank sites, including their behaviour towards e-banking, is crucial. This article discusses the matter by suggesting a technology acceptance model that integrates the theory of the planned behavior model in the classic TAM model with trust and perceived risk in order to elucidate the aspects that influence users’ acceptance of mobile banking applications in Palestine. This study is designed to give both theoretical and empirical support for e-commerce adoption. We are also capable in providing particular marketing ideas for practitioners in relation to the uptake of mobile banking.
</abstract>

Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences

Faculty of Administrative and Financial Sciences

Predicting Mobile Banking Adoption: An Integration of TAM and TPB with Trust and Perceived Risk

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Macroeconomic convergence is critical for member states to achieve the level of harmonization required for establishing a stable and resilient monetary union. The East African Community (EAC) member states, therefore, established set targets for macroeconomic convergence, intending to eliminate exchange rate uncertainty within the bloc and reduce the costs of the monetary union. However, recent empirical studies indicate that the rate of convergence of the member states to the set macroeconomic targets has been very slow, resulting in high exchange rate uncertainty within the region. It is against this backdrop that this research was conceptualized to examine the influence of convergence in macroeconomic variables on the exchange rate uncertainty of EAC states using secondary panel data. The study made use of standard deviation and the Levin Lin Chu (LLC) test to determine convergence and unit root respectively. The panel ordinary least squares (OLS) regression findings showed that all the explanatory variables had a negatively significant effect on exchange rate uncertainty. This implies that convergence in macroeconomic variables among the member countries slows exchange rate uncertainty. Thus, policy should be made towards controlling this negative effect resulting from macroeconomic variables as East Africa bids for monetary union.
</abstract>

Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Exchange Rate Uncertain

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The principal of neutrality is a key principle of the European Union (EU) Value Added Tax (VAT) system. The concept of tax neutrality has a number of dimensions and meanings. The purpose of the article is to examine whether the principle of neutrality shapes the main elements of VAT structure, what concepts of tax neutrality are proper to shape each of those elements, and how the principle of neutrality affects each of those elements. The method adopted for the examination is a doctrinal method – analysis of the VAT Directive provisions (using a formal-dogmatic approach supported by analysing selected judgements of the Court of Justice of the EU) but without those that concern special rules. The study showed that the basic elements of the VAT structure such as the subject of taxation, object of taxation, tax basis, tax rates, exemptions, and conditions of payment are shaped in different manner and extent by the principle of neutrality. Tax neutrality in its basic sense (marked N1) has the strongest influence on basis of taxation (improper amount of the basis disallows shifting the tax forward onto the customer and regaining output tax to relieve the taxable person entirely from the burden of the VAT) and obviously it influences the right to deduct input tax likewise in the tax period (term of refund). Tax neutrality in another sense (marked N2) by demanding equal treatment, affects such VAT elements as subject and object of taxation, exemptions and rates. Tax neutrality in the broadest sense (N3), as a term consisting of N1 and N2, concerns all the elements of VAT.
</abstract>

Relations Between the Principle of Neutrality and Elements of Value Added Tax Structure

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The purpose of this paper is to highlight some issues and proffer solutions that can make sustainable finance become sustainable. One, there should be greater focus on how some aspects of finance can contribute to sustainability. Two, light-touch regulation may be needed to grow the relatively small sustainable finance sector. Three, there is a need to adopt a bottom-up approach to grow the sustainable finance sector. Four, voluntary ESG disclosures and related sustainability reporting should be encouraged. Five, short-term financial instruments can complement long term instruments in sustainable financing.
</abstract>

Making Sustainble Finance Sustainable

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

What began as a single COVID-19 case in China in late 2019 quickly spread around the globe in the first quarter of 2020. While the impact on the world’s health systems is unknown, the economic toll remains also remains unknown as the world grapples with an unprecedented global recession. This paper estimates that COVID-19 will drag African economies into a fall of about 2,1% in GDP, with smaller economies facing contraction of up to 8%. The contraction is mainly a result of export adjustments affecting primary commodity exporters, and the attendant losses to tax revenue which reduce the capacity of government to extend the public services necessary to respond to the crisis.
</abstract>

Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University

Economical Situation in Sub-Saharan African Countries

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Road transportation is responsible for a significant part of the EU’s total CO2 emissions. Therefore, the automotive sector is subject to continuously strengthening environmental regulation. Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17th April 2019 sets, for the period from 2020 to 2024, an EU fleet-wide target of 147 g CO2/km for the average emissions of new light commercial vehicles and an EU fleet-wide target of 95 g CO2/km for the average emissions of new passenger cars, phasing in for 95% of vehicles in 2020 with 100% compliance in 2021. If a manufacturer does not meet given CO2 standards, the excess emissions premium (penalty) is to be charged. Value creation in the automotive sector across the supply chain is necessarily undergoing a process of change. Manufacturers of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are forced either to face a massive penalty or to invest in the development of low-emission technology and in the change of the production portfolio towards zero- and low-emission vehicles with lower profit margins and a relatively unformed customer base. The aim of this paper is to identify how the excess emissions premium affects the value creation in the automotive industry. Our methodology utilizes the income-based valuation approach. First, we conduct an analysis of the key financial value drivers of automotive companies in the period from 2016 to 2019. Subsequently, we make a prognosis of value drivers for the future period affected by the above-mentioned regulation.
</abstract>

Selected Impacts of Regulation (EU) 2019/631 On Value Creation in the Automative Industry

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