<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The Slovak Republic pays close attention to effective care of the whole environment, important component of which is also the air. This is ensured through designated authorities within the competence of the State. Municipality, as the basic unit of territorial self-government, is the subject, which has competencies in the area of air protection and acts as a state administration body. This paper focuses on an analysis of legislative assurance of legal relationships arising during the application of the transferred competencies of the state administration to municipalities. In particular, it focuses on the position of the municipality in matters of transferred state administration and its focus on air protection, municipal competencies in air protection, administrative offenses in the competence of the municipality and their solution. Using the methods of analysis, deduction and grammatical and logical interpretation, the paper attempts to continuously monitor, analyse and organise the competencies of the municipality in the exercise of the transferred competencies in the area of air protection and to analyse their application towards obliged subjects from a legislative point of view. In particular, rigorous monitoring and appropriate repressive measures of the municipality are the most effective instrument for achieving the indispensable responsibility of individuals and collective bodies for the state of the air in the defined area. If a sanction is imposed in case of non-compliance with legal obligations, one of the methods currently required for general prevention in this area of the municipality may be fulfilled. By its consistent application activity, the municipality can make a very significant contribution to maintaining or improving the air quality in the area of its territorial scope.</abstract>

Legislative Ensure of Transfer of Competencies for Air Protection Carried out by a Municipality

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The EU Lisbon Treaty 2007 (LT) brings some changes for the common commercial policy (CCP) and the decision-making processes related to it. CCP is newly included in the one area with all the external activities of the EU, with foreign and security policy, international environmental policy, development aid and economic, financial and technical cooperation with third countries. The fundamental areas of the CCP have been expanded to include foreign direct investment, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. The EU’s exclusive competence for external negotiation of agreements in areas of exclusive competence and internal CCP regarding their implementation were confirmed. The changes affect the role of the European Parliament and also the functioning of the European Council, the Council, and competences of the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European External Action Service. Together with these changes, there will be also changes in procedures within the European Union. A number of aspects of the decision-making process are not yet entirely clarified, and only the practice of the participation of the EU Member States and the European Parliament in the formation of the common commercial policy will bring more meaningful conclusions. The changes brought by the LT will affect not only the extent of the influence of EU Member States on the common commercial policy, but they can also affect the position of the EU in the context of international trade, particularly in the area of negotiating commitments and rules of multilateral and bilateral trade and investment agreements.</abstract>

The Lisbon Treaty and Changes in the Legal Rules on the Common Commercial Policy

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Issues of innovation and technology transfer are framed by a broad legislation and financial schemes at the European and national level. In context of the strategy Europe 2020 and the initiative Innovation Union, the mutual interconnection between the new knowledge creation and its economic valuation is important for competitiveness of the economy. Innovation systems are characterized by a large scale of different actors and dynamic interactions between them. The intensity of the innovation activity of enterprises is mostly influenced by the level of their legal awareness and by the ability to utilize the innovation mechanisms and opportunities for transfer of knowledge, modern technologies and practices. The paper characterizes selected legal and financial mechanisms and points out the possibilities and problems related to their implementation in economic sphere, particularly in the agrifood sector. At the beginning, the authors describe the key aspects of the innovation policy and technology transfer in the EU and Slovakia. Next parts of the paper are focused on the issue of legal institutes concerning the industrial property and on the financial instruments for the period 2014-2020 emphasizing the innovative ones and possibilities of their combination. In the final part, the authors point out the barriers and possibilities in innovation implementation and in the process of transfer of technologies and knowledge to economic sphere.</abstract>

Legal and Financial Instruments Supporting the Innovation and Technology Transfer

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Protection of the functions and surface area of agricultural land should be the interest of every society and is an expression of the maturity of the country. The paper analyses historical development of the legal regulation on the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia since the establishment of Czechoslovakia i.e. from 1918 to the present, i.e. until 2017.</abstract>

Legal Aspects of the Agricultural Land Protection in Slovakia

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The aim of this paper was to analyze reasons and a range of changes in agricultural land areas due to allocation them for non-agricultural purposes across a period of 1990-2015 in Poland. This phenomena has not been sufficiently considered till now. Lack of this knowledge does not allow effective reduction of the decline of agricultural land by appropriate legislation and administrative action, especially on urban areas. In Poland, a significant proportion of agricultural land is allocated annually for non-agricultural purposes, which is connected with their permanent withdrawal from agricultural production. The permanent decline in the area of agricultural land in the country has been observed since the beginning of the systemic transformation. The dominant direction of the land withdrawal for non-agricultural purposes is their allocation to housing construction. In 1995 the Law on the protection of agricultural and forest land was introduced. This law includes strengthened economic tools for the protection of agricultural land in the form of mandatory charges for the withdrawal of agricultural land showing the best soil quality. This has led to a significant reduction in agricultural land use withdrawal. However, accelerated regional development following the accession of Poland to the EU and, then, the need to expand technical infrastructure resulted in several amendments to the 1995 Act, significantly weakened the protection of agricultural and forest land. It seems that the land as the unrepeatable good should be strictly covered by more respect and protection than ever before, especially in areas with the highest production value.</abstract>

A Range and Reasons of Farmland Withdrawal from Agricultural Use in Poland

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EU agrarian Law

 Journal "EU Agrarian Law" is a scientific journal of the Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Journal is supported by the European educational programme - Jean Monnet Chair. The journal is published twice a year and its main focus is on the theory and application of agrarian law. Why subscribe and read  The journal EU Agrarian law offers unique opportunity for readers to get familiar with the topics connected with the sphere of agrarian law as there is no other journal in Slovakia dealing with this area. It provides innovative and valuable information not just from Slovak condition but also from abroad. The journal is oriented on the experts from the field, teachers and students of agrarian law and related topics, as well as on general public.  Why submit  The journal EU Agrarian law offers unique opportunity for authors to place their papers in a scientific journal of high quality and by this way it provides a platform for knowledge exchange.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  Target group:  experts, teachers and students in the field of agrarian law and related topics, as well as on general public.