Factors | LFS | MFS | UFS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Elevation (m) | 73.88 ± 13.53c | 145.90 ± 14.76b | 222 ± 10.80a | 0.0004 |
PAR (μmol photons m−2 s−1) | 37.83 ± 6.78b | 109.17 ± 44.38b | 349 ± 73.81a | 0.0032 |
Rocky outcroppings (%) | 75.33 ± 1.86b | 80.00 ± 1.08b | 87.57 ± 1.11a | 0.0041 |
Soil moisture content (%) | 3.60 ± 0.30a | 2.90 ± 0.24ab | 2.60 ± 0.95b | 0.0025 |
Nitrogen (%) | 60.63 ± 16.11ns | 61.29 ± 6.96ns | 59.62 ± 2.71ns | 0.1241 |
Phosphorus (%) | 0.25 ± 0.01ns | 0.24 ± 0.01ns | 0.29 ± 0.02ns | 0.0723 |
Potassium (%) | 0.42 ± 0.04a | 0.19 ± 0.02b | 0.019 ± 0.02b | 0.0251 |
Ecological characteristics | Forest sites | ||
---|---|---|---|
LFS | MFS | UFS | |
1. Number of species | 21 | 21 | 16 |
2. Species diversity index (H′) | 2.04 | 2.43 | 1.40 |
3. Stand basal area (m2 ha−1) | 13.2 | 15.9 | 18.9 |
4. Stem density (stems ha−1) | 1556 | 1616 | 2175 |
Forest site | Species | Ba | D | RDo | RD | RF | IVI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower forest site | |||||||
1 | 2.69 | 738.89 | 20.36 | 47.5 | 14.4 | 82.26 | |
2 | 2.11 | 211.11 | 15.96 | 13.57 | 12 | 41.53 | |
3 | 1.36 | 61.11 | 10.27 | 3.93 | 8 | 22.2 | |
4 | 0.95 | 44.44 | 7.2 | 2.86 | 8.8 | 18.86 | |
5 | 1.03 | 61.11 | 7.79 | 3.93 | 4.8 | 16.52 | |
Middle forest site | |||||||
1 | 3.18 | 381.82 | 19.89 | 23.63 | 13.16 | 56.68 | |
2 | 2.02 | 202.27 | 12.64 | 12.52 | 9.87 | 35.02 | |
3 | 1.62 | 200.00 | 10.12 | 12.38 | 10.53 | 33.02 | |
4 | 2.52 | 81.82 | 15.76 | 5.06 | 10.53 | 31.35 | |
5 | 1.37 | 168.18 | 8.59 | 10.41 | 7.89 | 26.89 | |
Upper forest site | |||||||
1 | 10.51 | 1457.14 | 55.49 | 67 | 16.87 | 139.36 | |
2 | 2.78 | 114.29 | 14.69 | 5.25 | 13.25 | 33.2 | |
3 | 1.09 | 107.14 | 5.73 | 4.93 | 10.84 | 21.5 | |
4 | 0.93 | 121.43 | 4.93 | 5.58 | 9.64 | 20.15 | |
5 | 0.66 | 107.14 | 3.47 | 4.93 | 9.64 | 18.03 |
Forest site | Descriptions | Number of plots |
---|---|---|
Lower forest site (LFS) | A forest community located at the base of the limestone hill, with rocky outcroppings covering >50% of the area. The site spanned elevations of 320–360 m a.s.l. | 18 |
Middle forest site (MFS) | A forest stand located on a long narrow ridge on the high, steep slope of the limestone hill. The site spanned elevations of 370–400 m a.s.l. | 22 |
Upper forest site (UFS) | A forest stand established on a rocky outcropping located at the summit of the limestone hill. The site spanned elevations of 410–460 m a.s.l. | 14 |
FD | Environmental variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elv | RC | PAR | SMC | N | P | K | |
FDis | 0.026 | ||||||
FRic | 0.021 | ||||||
CWM | |||||||
LS | 2.302 | 7.856 | 1.508 | −3.137 | −3.767 | 2.535 | −1.705 |
SLA | 1.372 | 0.031 | 0.001 | −0.002 | 0.853 | ||
LT | 0.461 | 1.003 | 2.014 | ||||
WD | −1.241 | −0.127 | |||||
Hmax | −0.006 | −0.546 | 0.151 |
Functional trait | LFS | MFS | UFS | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CWM-LS | 133.80 ± 54.85b | 299.23 ± 52.07a | 253.42 ± 81.26a | |
CWM-SLA | 16.34 ± 8.16b | 24.27 ± 11.22a | 14.88 ± 5.84b | |
CWM-LT | 0.23 ± 0.02c | 0.26 ± 0.04b | 0.35 ± 0.03a | |
CWM-WD | 1.88 ± 0.16a | 1.62 ± 0.39ab | 1.50 ± 0.22b | |
CWM-Hmax | 15.84 ± 1.23a | 11.29 ± 21.79ab | 8.32 ± 0.48b | |
FRic | 3.16 ± 2.72b | 6.66 ± 3.06a | 5.66 ± 3.98a | |
FDis | 1.32 ± 0.32b | 2.12 ± 0.41a | 1.86 ± 0.44a |
No. | Species | Code | LFS | MFS | UFS | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DRCO | 20 | 168 | 408 | 596 | |
2 | STTA | 266 | 70 | 7 | 343 | |
3 | ALSI | 76 | 89 | 10 | 175 | |
4 | FIMA | 14 | 88 | 30 | 132 | |
5 | STPE | 22 | 74 | 17 | 113 | |
6 | PAIN | 22 | 36 | 32 | 90 | |
7 | STLA | - | 34 | 30 | 64 | |
8 | MEPI | 6 | 24 | 34 | 64 | |
9 | DRHO | 24 | 29 | 7 | 60 | |
10 | FIRU | 12 | 24 | 12 | 48 | |
11 | AGED | 16 | 17 | - | 33 | |
12 | STVI | 7 | 16 | 5 | 28 | |
13 | TAHO | 18 | 5 | 2 | 25 | |
14 | MECA | 9 | 14 | - | 23 | |
15 | PURO | 16 | 2 | - | 18 | |
16 | MAPE | 17 | - | - | 17 | |
17 | DICA | 4 | 6 | 1 | 11 | |
18 | FICU | 5 | 6 | - | 11 | |
19 | EXOP | - | - | 10 | 10 | |
20 | FICO | - | 3 | 3 | 6 | |
21 | BRJA | - | 3 | 1 | 4 |