<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In its endeavour to attract foreign investment inflows and realise the diversity and security of its energy supply, Vietnam has set out short, medium and long term strategies which have been articulated in a number of legal instruments. These developments include the drive and acceleration of divestment and liberalisation of the energy market and ensuring healthy competition therein. This article provides a critical analysis of the current divestment of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Vietnam’s oil and gas sectors. In doing so, it also assesses current state of affairs against the key principles and objectives of competition law. After providing a brief summary of the milestones in the oil and gas sector, the article explains the equitisation in and privatization of SOEs and critiques the implications of these practices against the benchmarks of competition law provisions. After identifying the current problems and future challenges that lie ahead, it provides a number of constructive recommendations for policy development and legal reform.</abstract>

Divestment of State-Owned Enterprises and Competition in Oil &amp; Gas Sectors in Vietnam

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Vietnam has experienced an economic growth accompanied by increasing energy demand and inadequate supplies. Like most developing countries, the increased inefficient use of energy in Vietnam leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and high energy costs for consumers. Also, the traditional sources of energy are not sufficient to satisfy the demand of the economic sectors.With the negative impact of climate change on water resources and the depletion of coal, oil and gas reserves, Vietnam must diversify and integrate other forms of renewable energies into its energy mix. The efficient use of renewable energy resources can boost economic development. Thus, the policies for endorsing renewable energies and energy efficiency are playing a vital role in ensuring the sustainable development for Vietnam’s future. This paper examines the legal and policy framework influencing the deployment of renewable energies and energy efficiency in Vietnam. The paper also attempts to identify major barriers to a large scale deployment of renewable energies and energy efficiency technologies and offers some possible solutions.</abstract>

Legal and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development in Vietnam

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper explores the regulatory developments for energy liberalization in electricity and gas sectors. It displays that government made vital institutional and regulatory reforms to create and implement energy liberalization in Thailand. Nevertheless, the author also points out that there are regulatory issues for implementation of the energy liberalization. The paper proposes some possible plans for regulatory developments with the focus on energy liberalization and competition. It provides an overview of regulatory developments which contribute to liberalization of the Thai energy sectors anol describes the regulatory challenges which hinder the process of the energy liberalization. The paper offers suggestions for the regulatory developments in order to ensure the implementation of energy liberalization toward market efficiency and competition.</abstract>

Regulatory Developments for Energy Liberalization in Thailand

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Environmental protection has gotten much attention and been prioritized in policy making for economic – social development of countries around the world, including Vietnam. The policies have been gradually institutionalized into law. Environmental Protection Law comes into existence in Vietnam as in other developing countries, which could be affirmed as the latest legal field. Before Environmental Protection Law was issued as an independent legal document by the National Assembly, other environmental regulations in Vietnam covered some aspects of environmental protection to meet management need without targeting the protection of environmental factors. Environment or environment-related regulations have been found in many separate legal documents. In order to meet the growing demand for integration, Vietnam needs to continue to reform environmental regulations. The paper analyzes the Vietnamese environmental regulations and practical implementation, thereby giving some suggestions.</abstract>

Assessing Vietnam’s Environmental Laws and Direction for Improvement

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Singapore is a land-scarce, densely populated, urbanized and technology-driven society. Despite her image as a clean and green environment, serious challenges remain to keep environmental pollution at bay. Both private and public laws, whether based on statutes or common law, as well as a host of regulations and community norms collectively regulate environmental pollution in Singapore. Statutory provisions targeting environmental pollution rely on criminal punishment, administrative measures and also compensatory damages awarded to victims in the event of breaches of specified statutory duties. The Environmental Pollution Control Act 1999, together with the implementing subsidiary legislation, seeks to minimise or mitigate the effects of air, water and noise pollution. Government agencies adopt preventive, monitoring and/or enforcement measures backed by a plethora of statutes, regulations, international standards relating to environmental pollution. More recently, the enforcement of environmental pollution measures have extended, with the enactment of the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014, to combatting environmental pollution arising from the region. Further, the common law torts of nuisance, negligence and the rule in Rylands v Fletcher exist at common law to compensate the victims for the loss suffered arising from activities resulting in environmental pollution. The goals of enhancing environmental consciousness through public education and community efforts have also been emphasised in Singapore. Nevertheless, community mediation efforts have been supplemented by the establishment of Community Disputes Resolution Tribunals to deal with complaints by neighbours of smoke, smells, and littering in the vicinity of the complainants’ place of residence.</abstract>

Environmental Pollution Control in Singapore: The Intersection of Torts, Statutes, Regulations and Community Norms

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In international relation, estoppel is a principle whereby a state is not able to say or act against what it said or did before. The theory of estoppel was originated in the past from the English law system, which was later incorporated into international law. Its main purpose is to prevent a State from benefiting from its inconsistent attitudes, and thus, causing damage to another State. Therefore, estoppel must meet the main conditions. First, the expression of the said State leads to the assumption of the estoppel must be clear and non-ambiguous. Second, this expression must be expressed voluntarily, unconditionally and must be well authorized. Third, there must be a goodwill trust from another State into the expression of a State giving that expression, resulting in damage to the State with this trust or to the benefit of the expressive side. The paper examines the principle of estoppel in international law and the practice of applying this principle in cases tried at the International Court of Justice. On that basis, the paper discusses explaining the factors that constitute an estoppel situation for Vietnam in order to reject the China’s wrong interpretation of the 1958 Diplomatic Note of the late Prime Minister Pham Van Dong.</abstract>

The Application of <italic>Estoppel</italic> in International Law and Experiences for Vietnam

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Volume 1 (2019): Issue 1 (November 2019)

Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences

 Print ISSN (p-ISSN): 2719-5872, Online ISSN (eISSN): 2719-3004   The Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences (abbreviation VJLS) is a semi-annual journal that aims to provide a platform for the dissemination of high-quality, peer-reviewed research across diverse realms of law and policies with contemporary relevance. It was founded under the initiative of Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, a leading legal educational and training institution in Vietnam. VJLS aims to foster intellectual discourse and contribute to the advancement of legal scholarship.   The VJLS provides a platform for national and cross-national discussion on topics in both public and private law, as well as interdisciplinary contributions that are relevant to legal studies. In particular, the VJLS focuses on publishing articles, book reviews, case commentaries and other such which analyse the recent developments related to legal issues raised in Vietnam or other countries in the context of globalization and modernization. Therefore, contributions related to the following topics will be highly encouraged:    Challenges and Opportunities, as well as Legal issues in emerging economies in the region: Focusing on Vietnam and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, exploring challenges, opportunities, and legal issues in the context of globalization and industrialization;   International Legal Comparisons: Examining legal issues and solutions globally, providing insights and experiences applicable for countries in the Asia Pacific Region; drawing valuable insights from countries facing similar concerns, offering a comparative perspective to guide policy and legal reform;   Interdisciplinary Submissions: Welcoming contributions intersecting with legal studies that may originate from other disciplines, offering a multifaceted view of how the law interacts with societal changes.    The journal’s activities are supported by an extensive international editorial board, as well as devoted native-speaker language editors. Articles are widely distributed, via printed as well as free-access digital versions, to lecturers, students, researchers and practitioners in the legal field.     Open Access Policy   Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences is an open-access journal, which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. Authors retain their copyright and agree to license their articles. Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences is a no-fee journal. Authors are not charged for the publication of their articles.   Charges   Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences is a no-fee journal. Authors are not charged for the publication of their articles.　   Website   https://sciendo.com/journal/VJLS   Archiving Policy   VJLS is published in both online and hard-copy forms.   Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico – a digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Ethics Policy   Please find the Ethics Policy of the VJLS in the For Authors section.   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscript screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences

Volume 1 (2019): Issue 1 (November 2019)

Divestment of State-Owned Enterprises and Competition in Oil & Gas Sectors in Vietnam

Legal and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development in Vietnam

Regulatory Developments for Energy Liberalization in Thailand

Assessing Vietnam’s Environmental Laws and Direction for Improvement

Environmental Pollution Control in Singapore: The Intersection of Torts, Statutes, Regulations and Community Norms

The Application of Estoppel in International Law and Experiences for Vietnam

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