<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p> The different combinations between the “classic” fourfold pattern and water in the garden have produced a high number of varied solutions since the distant past. However, during the Renaissance a new model emerges: a crossaxial garden with four basins arranged symmetrically around its center. The composite analysis of the related examples is addressed in this paper, which attempts to find an explanation for the different models as for the appearance of the contrasting solution at the same time in two different locations: the Villa Lante (Bagnaia, Italy) and the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo in El Escorial (Madrid, Spain).</p></abstract>

The Fourfold Water Garden, a Renaissance Invention

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p> This article reviews water transportation, testing and purification techniques in a regional context - the Indo-Pak subcontinent, a southern region of Asia - during the early modern period. A brief history of comparative methodologies based on surveys and historical texts has been explored as evidence of the evolving types of water testing parameters between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries. This analysis also took under consideration the role of culture, beliefs as well as religious rituals in the selection of drinking water and how it has influenced the population living conditions, dominating the process of decision-making within a specific community.</p></abstract>

Water Management, Purification and Testing Techniques in Indo-Pak Landscapes in the Early Modern Period

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Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal

Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal is a journal founded in 2013 on gardens and landscapes of Portugal history, as well as covers topics of environmental history, history of art and science regarding gardens and landscapes and historic gardens restoration. Ana Duarte Rodrigues is the editor-in-chief.  Rejection Rate   50%   Contact  amnrodrigues@fc.ul.pt  Why subscribe and read  Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal is an open access journal, in English, and the only one on the subject, so that a worldwide community of readers may access its contents.  Why submit  Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal is an open access journal in English and aims to reach a high impact factor. It provides peer review, professional editing and proficiency linguistic review of English.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  Financed by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) – PTDC/HAR-HIS/28627/2017, UIDB/00286/2020 and UIDB/00678/2020. 

Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal

Volume 4 (2016): Issue 1 (September 2016)

The Fourfold Water Garden, a Renaissance Invention

Water Management, Purification and Testing Techniques in Indo-Pak Landscapes in the Early Modern Period

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