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Compression-dependency of soft tissue bioimpedance for in-vivo and in-vitro tissue testing

Sepideh M. Moqadam
Sepideh M. Moqadam
, 
Parvind Grewal
Parvind Grewal
, 
Majid Shokoufi
Majid Shokoufi
 y 
Farid Golnaraghi
Farid Golnaraghi
   | 18 dic 2015
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Article Category: Articles
Publicado en línea: 18 dic 2015
Páginas: 22 - 32
Recibido: 31 mar 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5617/jeb.1489
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© 2015 Sepideh M. Moqadam, Parvind Grewal, Majid Shokoufi and Farid Golnaraghi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig.1

a) The electrical impedance setup b) The electrical impedance spectroscope (HF2IS) c) The designed and prototyped probe consisting of 2 Ag/AgCl electrodes and 6 temperature sensors (temperature electrodes were not used in this study)
a) The electrical impedance setup b) The electrical impedance spectroscope (HF2IS) c) The designed and prototyped probe consisting of 2 Ag/AgCl electrodes and 6 temperature sensors (temperature electrodes were not used in this study)

Fig.2

a) Imaginary part of admittance versus its real part (Cole arc). b) Cole model circuit.
a) Imaginary part of admittance versus its real part (Cole arc). b) Cole model circuit.

Fig.3

Stress versus indentation of in-vivo bicep of one subject.
Stress versus indentation of in-vivo bicep of one subject.

Fig.4

Chicken breast tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.17 w+0.9 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.972 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=-0.081 w+1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.986 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=0.19 w+0.91 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.975.
Chicken breast tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.17 w+0.9 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.972 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=-0.081 w+1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.986 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=0.19 w+0.91 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.975.

Fig.5

Rat breast tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.031 w+0.99 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.977 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=-0.033 w+1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.998 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=0.079 w+0.97 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.992.
Rat breast tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.031 w+0.99 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.977 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=-0.033 w+1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.998 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=0.079 w+0.97 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.992.

Fig.6

Left Forearm Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.1 w+0.78 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.983 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.023 w+0.95 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.924 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.031 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.999.
Left Forearm Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.1 w+0.78 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.983 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.023 w+0.95 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.924 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.031 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.999.

Fig.7

Right Forearm Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.1 w+0.76 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.918 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.024 w+0.95 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.993 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.032 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.997.
Right Forearm Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.1 w+0.76 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.918 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.024 w+0.95 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.993 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.032 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.997.

Fig.8

Left Bicep Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.69 w-0.65 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.979 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.029 w+0.93 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.969 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.063 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.998.
Left Bicep Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.69 w-0.65 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.979 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.029 w+0.93 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.969 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.063 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.998.

Fig.9

Right Bicep Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.7 w-0.77 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.951 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.03 w+0.93 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.986 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.057 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.987.
Right Bicep Tissue, the correlation of compression-dependent Cole parameters normalized to their values at the first pressure level and tissue displacements. (a) compression-dependent extracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rext=0.7 w-0.77 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.951 (b) compression-dependent intracellular resistance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Rint=0.03 w+0.93 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is 0.986 (c) compression-dependent membrane capacitance versus tissue displacement. The correlation is: Normalized Cm=-0.057 w+1.1 and the Pearson product of the linear relationship is -0.987.

Averaged Cole parameters by LAD method at the first pressure level and the standard deviations

Samples or SubjectsFitting Results
Rext (Ω)Rint (Ω)Cm (nF)
Chicken Breasts537.85 ± 23.19512.34 ± 24.327.91 ± 0.50
Rat Breasts565.54 ± 18.19675.83 ± 98.9330.7 ± 14.9
Left Forearms2612508.42 ± 359731.87986.46 ± 189.3416.46 ± 6.19
Right Forearms2125924.31 ± 189807.62970.02 ± 183.8918.45 ± 8.99
Left Biceps7577699.16 ± 180562.621386.3 ± 299.125914.83 ± 7.65
Right Biceps7563298.20 ± 121059.831252.9 ± 437.7215.26 ± 8.53
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Engineering, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Electronics, Life Sciences, Biophysics, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, Spectroscopy and Metrology
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