This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Backman H, Raisanen P, Hedman L, Stridsman C, Andersson M, Lindberg A, et al. Increased prevalence of allergic asthma from 1996 to 2006 and further to 2016-results from three population surveys. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2017;47: 1426–1435.BackmanHRaisanenPHedmanLStridsmanCAnderssonMLindbergAIncreased prevalence of allergic asthma from 1996 to 2006 and further to 2016-results from three population surveysClinical and Experimental Allergy2017471426143510.1111/cea.12963Search in Google Scholar
Badan Penelitian Pengembangan Kesehatan. Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. 2018; Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/hasil-riskesdas-2018.pdf [Accessed 12th August 2019].Badan Penelitian Pengembangan KesehatanHasil Utama RISKESDAS 20182018Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/hasil-riskesdas-2018.pdf [Accessed 12th August 2019].Search in Google Scholar
Wijesinghe M, Weatherall M, Perrin K, Crane J, Beasley R. International trends in asthma mortality rates in the 5- to 34-year age group: a call for closer surveillance. Chest. 2009;135: 1045–1049.WijesingheMWeatherallMPerrinKCraneJBeasleyRInternational trends in asthma mortality rates in the 5- to 34-year age group: a call for closer surveillanceChest20091351045104910.1378/chest.08-2082Search in Google Scholar
Suissa S, Ernst P. Inhaled corticosteroids: impact on asthma morbidity and mortality. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001;107:937–944.SuissaSErnstPInhaled corticosteroids: impact on asthma morbidity and mortalityJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology200110793794410.1067/mai.2001.115653Search in Google Scholar
Szefler SJ. Advancing asthma care: the glass is only half full! Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology. 2011;128: 485–494.SzeflerSJAdvancing asthma care: the glass is only half full!Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology201112848549410.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.010Search in Google Scholar
Levy ML, Andrews R, Buckingham R, Evans H, Francis C, Houston R, et al. Why asthma still kills: The National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD); 2014.LevyMLAndrewsRBuckinghamREvansHFrancisCHoustonRWhy asthma still kills: The National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD)2014Search in Google Scholar
Price D, Fletcher M, van der Molen T. Asthma control and management in 8,000 European patients: the REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and Experience (REALISE) survey. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. 2014;24: 14009.PriceDFletcherMvan der MolenTAsthma control and management in 8,000 European patients: the REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and Experience (REALISE) surveyNPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine2014241400910.1038/npjpcrm.2014.9Search in Google Scholar
Nathan RA, Thompson PJ, Price D, Fabbri LM, Salvi S, González-Díaz S, et al. Taking aim at asthma around the world: global results of the asthma insight and management survey in the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, Canada, and the United States. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2015;3: 734–742 e735.NathanRAThompsonPJPriceDFabbriLMSalviSGonzález-DíazSTaking aim at asthma around the world: global results of the asthma insight and management survey in the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, Canada, and the United StatesThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice20153734742e73510.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.013Search in Google Scholar
Inman WH, Adelstein AM. Rise and fall of asthma mortality in England and Wales in relation to use of pressurised aerosols. Lancet. 1969;2: 279–285.InmanWHAdelsteinAMRise and fall of asthma mortality in England and Wales in relation to use of pressurised aerosolsLancet1969227928510.1016/S0140-6736(69)90051-8Search in Google Scholar
Stolley PD. Asthma mortality. Why the United States was spared an epidemic of deaths due to asthma. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1972;105: 883–890.StolleyPDAsthma mortality. Why the United States was spared an epidemic of deaths due to asthmaThe American Review of Respiratory Disease1972105883890Search in Google Scholar
Beasley R. A historical perspective of the New Zealand asthma mortality epidemics. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2006;117: 225–228.BeasleyRA historical perspective of the New Zealand asthma mortality epidemicsThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology200611722522810.1016/j.jaci.2005.10.029Search in Google Scholar
Jackson RT, Beaglehole R, Rea HH, Sutherland DC. Mortality from asthma: a new epidemic in New Zealand. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed). 1982;285: 771–774.JacksonRTBeagleholeRReaHHSutherlandDCMortality from asthma: a new epidemic in New ZealandBritish Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed)198228577177410.1136/bmj.285.6344.771Search in Google Scholar
Lanes SF, Birmann B, Raiford D, Walker AM. International trends in sales of inhaled fenoterol, all inhaled beta-agonists, and asthma mortality, 1970–1992. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1997;50: 321–328.LanesSFBirmannBRaifordDWalkerAMInternational trends in sales of inhaled fenoterol, all inhaled beta-agonists, and asthma mortality, 1970–1992Journal of Clinical Epidemiology19975032132810.1016/S0895-4356(96)00375-7Search in Google Scholar
Crane J, Pearce N, Flatt A, Burgess C, Jackson R, Kwong T, et al. Prescribed fenoterol and death from asthma in New Zealand, 1981–83: case-control study. Lancet. 1989;1: 917–922.CraneJPearceNFlattABurgessCJacksonRKwongTPrescribed fenoterol and death from asthma in New Zealand, 1981–83: case-control studyLancet1989191792210.1016/S0140-6736(89)92505-1Search in Google Scholar
Crane J, Pearce N, Burgess C, Jackson R, Beasley R. End of New Zealand asthma epidemic. Lancet. 1995;345: 984–985.CraneJPearceNBurgessCJacksonRBeasleyREnd of New Zealand asthma epidemicLancet199534598498510.1016/S0140-6736(95)90731-9Search in Google Scholar
Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockcroft D, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;326: 501–506.SpitzerWOSuissaSErnstPHorwitzRIHabbickBCockcroftDThe use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthmaThe New England Journal of Medicine199232650150610.1056/NEJM199202203260801Search in Google Scholar
Garrett JE, Lanes SF, Kolbe J, Rea HH. Risk of severe life threatening asthma and beta agonist type: an example of confounding by severity. Thorax. 1996;51: 1093–1099.GarrettJELanesSFKolbeJReaHHRisk of severe life threatening asthma and beta agonist type: an example of confounding by severityThorax1996511093109910.1136/thx.51.11.1093Search in Google Scholar
Beasley R, Pearce N, Crane J, Burgess C. Withdrawal of fenoterol and the end of the New Zealand asthma mortality epidemic. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995;107: 325–327.BeasleyRPearceNCraneJBurgessCWithdrawal of fenoterol and the end of the New Zealand asthma mortality epidemicInternational Archives of Allergy and Immunology199510732532710.1159/000237016Search in Google Scholar
Ebmeier S, Thayabaran D, Braithwaite I, Bénamara C, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Trends in international asthma mortality: analysis of data from the WHO mortality database from 46 countries (1993–2012). Lancet. 2017;390: 935–945.EbmeierSThayabaranDBraithwaiteIBénamaraCWeatherallMBeasleyRTrends in international asthma mortality: analysis of data from the WHO mortality database from 46 countries (1993–2012)Lancet201739093594510.1016/S0140-6736(17)31448-4Search in Google Scholar
Ito Y, Tamakoshi A, Wakai K, Takagi K, Yamaki K, Ohno Y. Trends in asthma mortality in Japan. Journal of Asthma. 2002;39: 633–639.ItoYTamakoshiAWakaiKTakagiKYamakiKOhnoYTrends in asthma mortality in JapanJournal of Asthma20023963363910.1081/JAS-120014928Search in Google Scholar
Statistics and Information Department MsS, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Vital Statistics Japan; 2019.Statistics and Information Department MsSMinistry of Health and Welfare, JapanVital Statistics Japan2019Search in Google Scholar
D’Amato G, Vitale C, Molino A, Stanziola A, Sanduzzi A, Vatrella A, et al. Asthma-related deaths. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 2016;11: 37.D’AmatoGVitaleCMolinoAStanziolaASanduzziAVatrellaAAsthma-related deathsMultidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine2016113710.1186/s40248-016-0073-0505997027752310Search in Google Scholar
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI). Asma Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksaan di Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia; 2018.Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI)Asma Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksaan di IndonesiaPerhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia2018Search in Google Scholar
D’Amato G, Annesi Maesano I, Molino A, Vitale C, D’Amato M Thunderstorm-related asthma attacks. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017;139: 1786–1787.D’AmatoGAnnesi MaesanoIMolinoAVitaleCD’AmatoMThunderstorm-related asthma attacksThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology20171391786178710.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.00328342913Search in Google Scholar
Ali F, Behbehani N, Alomair N, Taher A. Fatal and near-fatal thunderstorm asthma epidemic in a desert country. Annals of Thoracic Medicine. 2019;14: 155–160.AliFBehbehaniNAlomairNTaherAFatal and near-fatal thunderstorm asthma epidemic in a desert countryAnnals of Thoracic Medicine20191415516010.4103/atm.ATM_258_18646702331007768Search in Google Scholar
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2019. Available from: www.ginaasthma.org. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA)Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2019Available from: www.ginaasthma.org. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Search in Google Scholar
Liu Y, Pan J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li G, Peng Z, et al. Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and asthma mortality. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2019;200: 24–32.LiuYPanJZhangHShiCLiGPengZShort-term exposure to ambient air pollution and asthma mortalityAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine2019200243210.1164/rccm.201810-1823OC30871339Search in Google Scholar
D’Amato G, Vitale C, Lanza M, et al. Near fatal asthma: treatment and prevention. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016;48: 116–122.D’AmatoGVitaleCLanzaMNear fatal asthma: treatment and preventionEuropean Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology201648116122Search in Google Scholar
Richards GN, Kolbe J, Fenwick J, Rea HH. Demographic characteristics of patients with severe life threatening asthma: comparison with asthma deaths. Thorax. 1993;48: 1105–1109.RichardsGNKolbeJFenwickJReaHHDemographic characteristics of patients with severe life threatening asthma: comparison with asthma deathsThorax1993481105110910.1136/thx.48.11.11054648878296252Search in Google Scholar
Alvarez GG, Schulzer M, Jung D, Fitzgerald JM. A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal and fatal asthma. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 2005;12: 265–270.AlvarezGGSchulzerMJungDFitzgeraldJMA systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal and fatal asthmaCanadian Respiratory Journal20051226527010.1155/2005/83764516107915Search in Google Scholar
Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P. Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. European Respiratory Journal. 1994;7: 1602–1609.SuissaSBlaisLErnstPPatterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthmaEuropean Respiratory Journal199471602160910.1183/09031936.94.070916027995388Search in Google Scholar
Lazarus SC, Boushey HA, Fahy JV, Chinchilli VM, Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness CA, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with persistent asthma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285: 2583–2593.LazarusSCBousheyHAFahyJVChinchilliVMLemanskeRFJrSorknessCALong-acting beta2-agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with persistent asthma: a randomized controlled trialJAMA20012852583259310.1001/jama.285.20.258311368732Search in Google Scholar
Barnes PJ. Beta-adrenergic receptors and their regulation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995;152: 838–860.BarnesPJBeta-adrenergic receptors and their regulationAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine199515283886010.1164/ajrccm.152.3.76637957663795Search in Google Scholar
Dishy V, Sofowora GG, Xie HG, Kim RB, Byrne DW, Stein CM, et al. The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345: 1030–1035.DishyVSofoworaGGXieHGKimRBByrneDWSteinCMThe effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitizationNew England Journal of Medicine20013451030103510.1056/NEJMoa01081911586955Search in Google Scholar
Haney S, Hancox RJ. Rapid onset of tolerance to beta-agonist bronchodilation. Respiratory Medicine. 2005;99: 566–571.HaneySHancoxRJRapid onset of tolerance to beta-agonist bronchodilationRespiratory Medicine20059956657110.1016/j.rmed.2004.10.01415823453Search in Google Scholar
Haney S, Hancox RJ. Tolerance to bronchodilation during treatment with long-acting beta-agonists, a randomised controlled trial. Respiratory Research. 2005;6: 107.HaneySHancoxRJTolerance to bronchodilation during treatment with long-acting beta-agonists, a randomised controlled trialRespiratory Research2005610710.1186/1465-9921-6-107126640016168062Search in Google Scholar
Wraight JM, Hancox RJ, Herbison GP, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Taylor DR. Bronchodilator tolerance: the impact of increasing bronchoconstriction. The European Respiratory Journal. 2003;21: 810–815.WraightJMHancoxRJHerbisonGPCowanJOFlanneryEMTaylorDRBronchodilator tolerance: the impact of increasing bronchoconstrictionThe European Respiratory Journal20032181081510.1183/09031936.03.0006750312765426Search in Google Scholar
Gauvreau GM, Jordana M, Watson RM, Cockroft DW, O’Byrne PM. Effect of regular inhaled albuterol on allergen-induced late responses and sputum eosinophils in asthmatic subjects. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997;156: 1738–1745.GauvreauGMJordanaMWatsonRMCockroftDWO’ByrnePMEffect of regular inhaled albuterol on allergen-induced late responses and sputum eosinophils in asthmatic subjectsAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine19971561738174510.1164/ajrccm.156.6.96-08042Search in Google Scholar
O’Byrne PM, Jenkins C, Bateman ED. The paradoxes of asthma management: time for a new approach? European Respiratory Journal. 2017;50(3): pii:1701103.O’ByrnePMJenkinsCBatemanEDThe paradoxes of asthma management: time for a new approach?European Respiratory Journal2017503pii:1701103.10.1183/13993003.01103-2017Search in Google Scholar
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004;125: 2309–2321.SalpeterSROrmistonTMSalpeterEECardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysisChest20041252309232110.1378/chest.125.6.2309Search in Google Scholar
Bremner P, Siebers R, Crane J, Beasley R, Burgess C. Partial vs full beta-receptor agonism. A clinical study of inhaled albuterol and fenoterol. Chest. 1996;109: 957–962.BremnerPSiebersRCraneJBeasleyRBurgessCPartial vs full beta-receptor agonism. A clinical study of inhaled albuterol and fenoterolChest199610995796210.1378/chest.109.4.957Search in Google Scholar
Wong CS, Pavord ID, Williams J, Britton JR, Tattersfield AE. Bronchodilator, cardiovascular, and hypokalaemic effects of fenoterol, salbutamol, and terbutaline in asthma. Lancet. 1990;336: 1396–1399.WongCSPavordIDWilliamsJBrittonJRTattersfieldAEBronchodilator, cardiovascular, and hypokalaemic effects of fenoterol, salbutamol, and terbutaline in asthmaLancet19903361396139910.1016/0140-6736(90)93099-BSearch in Google Scholar
Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockroft D, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994;149: 604–610.SuissaSErnstPBoivinJFHorwitzRIHabbickBCockroftDA cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonistsAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine199414960461010.1164/ajrccm.149.3.81186258118625Search in Google Scholar
Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S, Baltzan M, Cai B. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343: 332–336.SuissaSErnstPBenayounSBaltzanMCaiBLow-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthmaThe New England Journal of Medicine200034333233610.1056/NEJM20000803343050410922423Search in Google Scholar
Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM; SMART Study Group. The salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129: 15–26.NelsonHSWeissSTBleeckerERYanceySWDorinskyPMSMART Study GroupThe salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterolChest2006129152610.1378/chest.129.1.1516424409Search in Google Scholar
Weatherall M, Wijesinghe M, Perrin K, Harwood M, Beasley R. Meta-analysis of the risk of mortality with salmeterol and the effect of concomitant inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Thorax. 2010;65: 39–43.WeatherallMWijesingheMPerrinKHarwoodMBeasleyRMeta-analysis of the risk of mortality with salmeterol and the effect of concomitant inhaled corticosteroid therapyThorax201065394310.1136/thx.2009.11660820029037Search in Google Scholar
Barnes PJ. Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting beta2-agonists and corticosteroids. European Respiratory Journal. 2002;19: 182–191.BarnesPJScientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting beta2-agonists and corticosteroidsEuropean Respiratory Journal20021918219110.1183/09031936.02.0028320211843317Search in Google Scholar
Burks AW, Tang M, Sicherer S, Muraro A, Eigenmann PA, Ebisawa M, et al. ICON: food allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2012;129: 906–920.BurksAWTangMSichererSMuraroAEigenmannPAEbisawaMICON: food allergyThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology201212990692010.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.001Search in Google Scholar
Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Further fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001–2006. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007;119: 1016–1018.BockSAMunoz-FurlongASampsonHAFurther fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001–2006The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology20071191016101810.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.622Search in Google Scholar
Pumphrey RS, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999–2006. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007;119: 1018–1019.PumphreyRSGowlandMHFurther fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999–2006The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology20071191018101910.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.021Search in Google Scholar
Air Quality Index Jakarta Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI). Available from: http://www.aqicn.info/city/jakarta. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Air Quality Index Jakarta Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI)Available from: http://www.aqicn.info/city/jakarta. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Search in Google Scholar
Air Now. Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics. Available from: https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Air NowAir Quality Index (AQI) BasicsAvailable from: https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi. [Accessed 12th August 2019].Search in Google Scholar
Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 2014;383: 1581–1592.GuarnieriMBalmesJROutdoor air pollution and asthmaLancet20143831581159210.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6Search in Google Scholar
Kravchenko J, Akushevich I, Abernethy AP, Holman S, Ross WG Jr, Lyerly HK. Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2014;9: 613–627.KravchenkoJAkushevichIAbernethyAPHolmanSRossWGJrLyerlyHKLong-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air qualityInternational Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease2014961362710.2147/COPD.S59995407523425018627Search in Google Scholar
