<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study aims to update the well-settled issue in literature of rate of return on investment in higher education in Europe. The proposed approach slightly modifies the existing methodology based on the Mincer equation, using an updated set of data for the period 2014–2016 from the European Central Bank's ‘Household Finance and Consumption Survey’. The results obtained, ranging between 13% and 21%, are higher compared to historical records for the years 1996–2013. As for the microeconometric estimates of the Mincer-type equation, they are sound and comparable, although showing higher margins in relation to the recent figures. Thus, they may suggest an increasing trend in valuation and importance of human capital based on high school degree, especially for the Central–Eastern European Union countries, resulting probably from rapid economic and cultural convergence.
</abstract>

Internal Rate of Return on Investment in Higher Education in Europe

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study analyses the changes in financing the purchase of residential real estate based on a mortgage in Poland, caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in its initial stage, that is, the period from March to September 2020. The research problem is the impact of the pandemic on the process of granting and repaying loans for housing purposes. Banking institutions tightened the terms of granting financing. People who received financing earlier may, however, benefit from assistance in paying off the debt. The research hypothesis assumes the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the consumers of the housing loan market in the analysed period. The research methods used are the analysis of statistical data and facts. The author looks at the situation on the real estate market and the situation on the housing loan market in 2020. The study then highlights the actions of lending banks and the actions of buyers in the first pandemic months.
</abstract>

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on financing the purchase of residential real estate through a mortgage in Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The purpose of this article is to point to trust as a value serving the coexistence of international community cooperation, as well as the elimination of global threats in public international law. The article presents selected approaches and typology of trust adopted in social sciences (with particular emphasis on the sociology of law as an auxiliary science of jurisprudence), their reference to the understanding and meaning of trust in public international law, as well as consequences in the form of shaping the quality and content of legislative solutions and practice of acting in the international arena.
As a result of the conducted analyses, trust in international law can be considered in three ways: first, as trust in the binding rule established by the subjects of international law; second, as a value expressed by the axiology of international law and principles of institutional significance; third, as a requirement of effective practice that exemplifies the theoretical and axiological assumptions of law.
</abstract>

The Importance of Trust at the Level of Public International Law: A Contribution to Theoretical Considerations

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The main purpose of this article is to recognise an ongoing phenomenon of disintegration in legal terms. A specific role of the EU institutions is inevitable because of supranational relations’ nature and to-date <italic>momentum</italic> of public international law. Briefly, disintegration supported by the EU institutions may be the expected solution. Therefore, the concept of institutionalised disintegration is the author’s proposal for using the EU acquis to create a new (autonomous) treaty regime of public international law and to define the EU institutions anew. The basis for reconciliation of institutions and disintegration is to constitute the scientific method on so-called legal phenomena that combine dogmas and functions of law in general. Legal phenomena are correlated with <italic>de lege ferenda</italic> proposals that – mainly critically – react to current challenges. Challenges – in turn – are derived from a <italic>de lege lata</italic> analysis of the politico-legal system (especially understanding of the institution, mapping of disintegration and examination of legislative methods).
</abstract>

The concept of institutionalised disintegration: towards a recognition of the EU institutions anew

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Payment Service Directive 2 came into force on 13th January 2018. It has replaced the prior directive and introduces new tools allowing to provide more advanced payment services. New legislation aims to increase competition and allow new entrants into the market. The thesis leads through the different aspects of the Directive, emphasizing an influence the legislation has on the companies providing modern solutions in the payment services market. The legal changes are analysed and assessed following the differences resulting from Payment Service Directive 2. For better understanding the impact of Directive, recent technological accomplishments are briefly described and explained. The overall results of the analysis are concluded on the basis of British and Polish payment services markets. The outcome reveals a contrast between these two countries in a number of new payment services providers as well as they origins. Research shows that the Polish payment services market is less accessible for non-bank financial companies.
</abstract>

Impact of PSD2 on The Payment Services Market – General Objectives and Evidence from Polish and UK Legal Systems

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 12 (2022): Issue 1 (December 2022)

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Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics

 The semi-annual "Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration and Economics" is addressed to all those interested in the subjects of the legal cultures, administrative systems and economies of New Europe. The journal’s subject matter is centred on the point of contact of three disciplines which history and pragmatics have bound together tightly. In a broad sense, it is an English-language periodical dedicated to the issues of globalization and transformation expressed simultaneously from the legal, administrative and economic perspectives. Why subscribe and read   Professional source of knowledge of central and eastern European legal, administrative and economic systems  Access to the results of recent scientific research conducted in the area of law, administration and economics  Discussion on contemporary legal, administrative and economic issues approached from comparative and multidisciplinary perspective   Why submit   Fair and constructive peer review by both national and international specialists from the field of law, administration and economics  Possibility to exchange academic though  Easy, free and worldwide access to research results published in Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration and Economics  The journal does not have article processing charges nor article submission charges   Rejection Rate   17%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  Target group  specialists, researchers, experts in the field of legal cultures, administrative systems and economies of New Europe