<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The growing importance of cyberspace to modern society, and its increasing use as an arena for dispute, is becoming a national security concern for governments and armed forces globally. The special characteristics of cyberspace, such as its asymmetric nature, the lack of attribution, the low cost of entry, the legal ambiguity, and its role as an efficient medium for protest, crime, espionage and military aggression, makes it an attractive domain for nation-states as well as non-state actors in cyber conflict.This paper studies the various non-state actors who coexist in cyberspace, examines their motives and incitements, and analyzes how and when their objectives coincide with those of nation-states. Literature suggests that many nations are currently pursuing cyberwarfare capabilities, oftentimes by leveraging criminal organizations and irregular forces. Employment of such non-state actors as hacktivists, patriot hackers, and cybermilitia in state-on-state cyberspace operations has also proved to be a usable model for conducting cyberattacks. The paper concludes that cyberspace is emerging as a new tool for state power that will likely reshape future warfare. However, due to the lack of concrete cyberwarfare experience, and the limited encounters of legitimate cyberattacks, it is hard to precisely assess future effects, risks and potentials. </abstract>

Non-State Actors in Cyberspace Operations

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> This analysis will assess the effects of the American way of Remote Air Warfare on the decision to wage war and the factors affecting the tactical conduct of war. This will be accomplished by determining how the Remote Air Warfare operational template influences the decision making process at the strategic level, by analyzing the political willingness to wage war, and at the tactical level, by assessing how the distance from the battlefield impacts warfighter’s proneness to use lethal force.This operational template translates the double moral implications of the increasing distance and removal of human risk from the duel. On the other hand, exposes a political maneuver’s expansion of freedom, increasing the propensity to wage war and changing the relationship between state and society.The research was guided by an inductive methodology of prospective nature, which analyses the past to inform present decisions, aiding to formulate future strategic actions. Thus, performing a critical analysis of the ideas underlying the employment of airpower, within an operational template of Remote Air Warfare, will facilitate the development of a comprehensive knowledge about its effects and a more effective adaptation to future war.</abstract>

The American Way of Remote Air Warfare

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Journal of Military Studies

 The Journal of Military Studies (JMS) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal publishing original research articles in selected areas of military studies. Distinguishing from most other peer-reviewed journals, JMS’s approach is more military oriented focusing on technology management and exploitation, technological choices and requirements, tactical considerations etc. giving support to Battle Field Analysts as well as Academic Officer Education.  The journal publishes articles from the following areas of military studies:   operational art and tactics,  military technology and operational analysis,  weaponization of new technologies,  robotics, hypersonics, cyber, artificial intelligence and quantum,  capabilities e.g. defence inventory and acquisition,  military strategy and international politics,  military pedagogy,  military social sciences, like human factors,  military leadership and organisation,  military history,  arctic warfare,  any other area of warfare if well justified.   The journal publishes peer-reviewed academic-level articles, which are first published electronic form, and are printed in a series of volumes according to separate schedule. In addition extended versions of conference papers may be considered for publication. The journal does not publish surveys, tutorials or other articles without new scientific contribution.  The articles are subjected to a double-blind review and any suggestions or criticism is strictly constructive so as to benefit the author and assist them in improving their work.  The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.  Rejection Rate:   50%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Journal of Military Studies

Volume 4 (2013): Issue 1 (December 2013)

Non-State Actors in Cyberspace Operations

The American Way of Remote Air Warfare

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