High nature value (HNV) farming and the management of upland diversity. A review

Albon, S. D., Brewer, M. J., O'Brien, S., Nolan, A. J. & Cope, D. (2007). Quantifying the grazing impacts associated with different herbivores on rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44(6), 1176-1187. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01318.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01318.xSearch in Google Scholar

Aich, A. & Waterhouse, A. (1999). Small ruminants in environmental conservation. Small Ruminant Research, 34(3), 271-287. Doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00079-6.10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00079-6Search in Google Scholar

Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G., Brouwer, F. & Godeschalk, F. (1996). Farming at the Margins: Abandonment or Redeployment of Agricultural Land in Europe. London/The Hague: Institute for European Environmental Policy Agricultural Economics Research Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Baldock, D. (1998). Indicators for high nature value farming systems in Europe. In: F. Brouwer & R. Crabtree (Eds.), Environmental indicators and agricultural policy (pp. 121-136). Wallingford: CAB International.Search in Google Scholar

Ball, D., Dales, J., Sheail, J. & Heal, O. (1982). Vegetation Change in Upland Landscapes. Cambridge, UK: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Search in Google Scholar

Baudry, J. (1991). Ecological consequences of grazing extensification and land abandonment: Role of interactions between environment, society and techniques. CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes - Serie Seminaires, 15, 13-19.Search in Google Scholar

Beaufoy, G., Baldock, D. & Clark, J. (1994). The Nature of Farming: Low Intensity Farming in Nine European Countries. London, UK: Institute for European Environmental Policy.Search in Google Scholar

Beaufoy, G. (2008). HNV Farming - Explaining the Concept and Interpreting EU and National Policy Commitments. European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism Stratford-upon-Avon. http://www.efncp.org/download/EFNCP-HNV-farming-concept.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Beaufoy, G. & Cooper, T. (2009). The Application of the High Nature Value Impact Indicator 2007-2013. (Guidance document). European evaluation network for rural Development. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rurdev/eval/hnv/guidance_en.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Berkes, F. & Folke, F. (1998). Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes, F., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (Eds.), Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bignal, E. M., McCracken, D. J., & Curtis, D. J. eds., (1994). Nature Conservation and Pastoralism in Europe. Peterborough, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Search in Google Scholar

Bignal, E. M. & McCracken, D. I., (1996). Low-intensity farming systems in the conservation of the countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 413-424.10.2307/2404973Search in Google Scholar

Bignal, E. M. & McCracken, D. I. (2000). The Nature conservation Value of European Traditional Farming Systems. Environmental Reviews 8(3), 149-171. Doi: 10.1139/a00-009.10.1139/a00-009Search in Google Scholar

Bignal, E. M. (1998). Using an ecological understanding of farmland to reconcile nature conservation requirements, EU agriculture policy and world trade agreements. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(6): 949-954. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00013.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00013.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bignal, E. M. & McCracken, E. I. (1996). The ecological resources of European farmland. In: M. Whitby (ed.), The European Environment and CAP Reform. Wallingford: CAB International.Search in Google Scholar

Blacksell, M. (2010). Agriculture and Landscape in 21^st Century Europe: The Post- Communist Transition. European Countryside, 2(1), 13-24. Doi: 10.2478/v10091-010-0002-8.10.2478/v10091-010-0002-8Search in Google Scholar

Brak, B. H., Hilarides, L., Elbersen, B. S. & van Wingerden, W. K. (2004). Extensive livestock systems and biodiversity: The case of Islay. Alterra-rapport 1100. Wageningen: Alterra.Search in Google Scholar

Brodt, S., Klonsky, K. & Tourte, L., (2006). Farmer goals and management styles: Implications for advancing biologically based agriculture. Agricultural Systems. 89(1), 90-105. Doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2005.08.005.10.1016/j.agsy.2005.08.005Search in Google Scholar

Burel, F. & Baudry, J. (1995). Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: a case study in the Pays d'Auge, France. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 55(3), 193-200. Doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(95)00614-X.10.1016/0167-8809(95)00614-XSearch in Google Scholar

Campagne, P., Carrere, G. & Valceschini, E. (1990). Three Agricultural Regions of France: Three types of pluriactivity. Journal of Rural Studies, 6(4), 415-422. Doi: 10.1016/0743-0167(90)90055-D.10.1016/0743-0167(90)90055-DSearch in Google Scholar

Chamberlain, D. E., Fuller, R. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Duckworth, J. C. & Shrubb, M. (2000). Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 37(5), 771-788. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00548.x.10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00548.xSearch in Google Scholar

Cooper, T., Hart, K. & Baldock, D. (2009). The Provision of Public Goods Through Agriculture in the European Union. London: Institute for European and Environmental Policy.Search in Google Scholar

Coordination Paysanne Europeenne (CPE) (2003). CAP Reform: ‘A scandal’. (Available online at: http://www.southcentre.orgSearch in Google Scholar

COM (1998) 42 final Communication of the European Comisión to the Council and to the Parliament on a European Community Biodiversity Strategy.Search in Google Scholar

COM (2009) Composite Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as required under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. http://biodiversity.eionet.europa.eu/article17Search in Google Scholar

Conti, G. & Fagarazzi, L. (2006). Sustainable mountain development and the key-issue of abandonment of marginal rural areas. The European Journal of Planning, www.planum.net. www.planum.netSearch in Google Scholar

Correira, T. (1993). Land abandonment: changes in the land use patterns around the Mediterranean basin. Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes, 1, 97-112.Search in Google Scholar

Critchley, C. N. R., Burke, M. J. W. & Stevens, D. P. (2003). Conservation of lowland semi-natural grassland in the UK: a review of botanical monitoring results from agri-environment schemes. Biological Conservation 115(2), 263-278. Doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00146-0.10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00146-0Search in Google Scholar

Dennis, P. (2003). Sensitivity of upland arthropod diversity to livestock grazing, vegetation structure and landform. Food, Agriculture and Environment 1(2), 301-307.Search in Google Scholar

Dennis, P., Doering, J., Stockan, J. A., Rees, M. E., Vale, J. E. & Sibbald, A. R., (2004). Consequences for biodiversity of reducing inputs to upland temperate pastures: Effects on beetles (coleopteran) of cessation of nitrogen fertilizer application and reductions in stocking rates of sheep. Grass and Forage Science, 59(2), 121-135. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00412.x.10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00412.xSearch in Google Scholar

DGL (2005). Land Abandonment, Biodiversity and the CAP. Utrecht: Government Services for Land and Water Management of the Netherlands (DGL).Search in Google Scholar

Dodgshon, R. A. & Olsson, G. A. (2006). Heather Moorland in the Scottish Highlands: The History of a Cultural Landscape, 1600-1880. Journal of Historical Geography, 32(1), 21-37. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2005.01.002.10.1016/j.jhg.2005.01.002Search in Google Scholar

Dufour, A., Mauz, I., Rémy, J., Bernard, C., Dobremez, L., Havet, A., Pauthenet, Y., Pluvinage, J., & Tachakérian, E., (2007). Multifunctionality in Agriculture and its Agents: Regional Comparisons. Sociologia Ruralis, 47(4), 316-342. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00444.x.10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00444.xSearch in Google Scholar

EFNCP - European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism, Bird Life International, Butterfly Conservation Europe, WWF (2010). CAP Reform 2013: Last chance to stop the decline of Europe's High Nature Value farming? Retrieved from ( www.efncp.org/high-nature-value-farmland/cap-reform-2013/Search in Google Scholar

English Nature (2001). The upland management handbook. Peterborough: English Nature.Search in Google Scholar

European Environment Agency (EEA) (2004). High Nature Value Farmland: Characteristics, trends and policy challenges. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities.Search in Google Scholar

European Environment Agency (EEA) HNV Map (2010). Retrieved from ( http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/approximate-distribution-of-hnv-farmlandSearch in Google Scholar

Evans, D. M., Redpath, S. M., Elston, D. A., Evans, S. A., Mitchell, R. J. & Dennis, P. (2006). To graze or not to graze? Sheep, voles, forestry and nature conservation in the British uplands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(3), 499-505. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01158.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01158.xSearch in Google Scholar

Evans, N., Morris, C. & Winter, M. (2002). Conceptualizing Agriculture: A critique of post-productivism as the new orthodoxy. Progress in Human Geography, 26(3), 313-332. Doi: 10.1191/0309132502ph372ra.10.1191/0309132502ph372raSearch in Google Scholar

Feehan, J., Gillmor, D., & Culleton, N. (2002). The impact of the Rural Environment protection Scheme (REPS) on plant and insect diversity. Irish Journal of Agri-Environmental Research, 2.Search in Google Scholar

Fielding, A. H. & Haworth, P. F. (1999). Upland Habitats: Habitat Guide. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Finn, J. A., Bartolini, F., Kurz, I., Bourke, D., & Viaggi, D. (2009). Ex post environmental evaluation of agri-environment schemes using experts' judgements and multicriteria analysis. Journal of Environmental Management and Planning, 52(5), 717-737. Doi: 10.1080/09640560902958438.10.1080/09640560902958438Search in Google Scholar

Fuller, R. J. (1996). Relationships between grazing and birds with particular reference to sheep in the British uplands. Report No. 164, Thetford: British Trust for Ornithology.Search in Google Scholar

Gellrich, M., Baur, P., Koch, B. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2007). Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: A spatially explicit economic analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118(1-4), 93-100. Doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.001.10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Gellrich, M. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2007). Investigating the regional-scale pattern of agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(1), 65-76. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.03.004.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.03.004Search in Google Scholar

Gordin, I. J. & Iason, G. R. (1989). Foraging strategy of ruminants: Its significance to vegetation utilization and management. MULRI Annual Report 1988-89 (pp. 34-41).Search in Google Scholar

Grinfelde, I. & Mathijs, E. (2003). Agricultural land abandonment in Latvia: an econometric analysis of farmer's choice. Leuven: Centre for Agricultural and Environmental Economics. Catholic University of Leuven.Search in Google Scholar

Grant, S. A. & Armstrong, H. M. (1993). Grazing ecology and conservation of heather moorland: the development of models as aids to management. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2(1), 79-94. Doi: 10.1007/BF00055105.10.1007/BF00055105Search in Google Scholar

Green, B. H. & Vos, W. (2001). Managing old landscapes and making new ones. In: Green, B. H. & Vos, W. (eds.) Threatened landscapes: conserving cultural landscapes. London: Spon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1973). Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature. 242 (5396), 344-347. Doi: 10.1038/242344a0.10.1038/242344a0Search in Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Hanley, N., Davies, A., Angelopoulos, K., Hamilton, A., Ross, A., Trinch, D. & Watson, F. (2008). Economic determinants of biodiversity change over a 400-year period in the Scottish uplands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(6), 1557-1565. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01570.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01570.xSearch in Google Scholar

Hester, A. (1996). Overgrazing in Upland Habitats: A literature Review. Report to Countryside Council for Wales. Aberdeen: Macaulay Research/Consultancy Services.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, M. O., Evans, D. F. & Bell, S. A. (1992). Long-term effects of excluding sheep from hill pastures in North Wales. Journal of Ecology, 80(1), 1-13.10.2307/2261058Search in Google Scholar

Hopkins, J. J. (1991). Vegetation structure and the conservation of wild plants and animals. In: D. J. Curtis, E. M. Bignal & M. A. Curtis (eds.), Birds and Pastoral Agriculture in Europe (pp.12-18). Peterborough: Scottish Chough Study Group.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, G. (2008). Small Farms - major embarrassment or key to policy delivery? La Caňada, No. 22.Search in Google Scholar

Konold, W. (1998). Landnutzung und Naturschutz in Auen - Gegensatz oder sinnvolle Kombination. Wasser & Boden 50, 50-54.Search in Google Scholar

Kissling-Naef, I., Volken, T., & Bisang, K. (2002). Common property and natural resources in the Alps: the decay of management structures. Forest Policy and Economics 4(2), 135-147. Doi: 10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00013-8.10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00013-8Search in Google Scholar

Kleijn, D. & Sutherland, W. J. (2003). How effective are European agri-environment schemes in conserving and promoting biodiversity? Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(6), 947-969. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00868.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00868.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kramm, N. (2009). High Nature Value (HNV) Farming Systems under Diverse Policy Agendas. BioUp Project Report, Department of Geography, University College Cork.Search in Google Scholar

Kramm, N., Anderson, R., O'Rourke, E., Emmerson, M., O'Halloran, J. & Chisholm, N., (2010). Framing the Iveragh Uplands: A Tale of humans and nature. University College Cork.Search in Google Scholar

Kristensen, K., Thenail, S. C. & Kristensen, S. P. (2004). Landscape changes in agrarian landscapes in the 1990s: the interaction between farmers and the farmed landscape. A case study from Jutland, Denmark. Journal of Environmental Management, 71(3), 231-244. Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.003.10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.00315158286Search in Google Scholar

Kuiters, A. T. (2002). Hoofed animals in nature areas: theory and practice versus research. Vakbad Natuurbeheer, 41, 21-23.Search in Google Scholar

Lobley, M., & Potter, C. (2004). Agricultural Change and Re-structuring: Recent evidence from a survey of agricultural households in England. Journal of Rural Studies. 20(4), 499-510. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2004.07.001.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2004.07.001Search in Google Scholar

Luick, R. (1998). Ecological and socio-economic implications of livestock-keeping systems on extensive grasslands in south-western Germany. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(6), 979-982. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00018.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00018.xSearch in Google Scholar

MacDonald, A., Stevens, P., Armstrong, H., Immirzi, P., & Reynolds, P. (1998). A Guide to Upland Habitats: Surveying Land Management Impacts. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage.Search in Google Scholar

MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J. R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez, L. & Gibon, A., (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy responses. Journal of Environmental Management. 59(1), 47-69. Doi: 10.1006/jema.1999.0335.10.1006/jema.1999.0335Search in Google Scholar

Marsden, T. (1999). Rural futures: the consumption countryside and its regulation. Sociologia Ruralis, 39(4), 501-520. Doi: 10.1111/1467-9523.00121.10.1111/1467-9523.00121Search in Google Scholar

Marsden, T., Banks, J. & Bristow, G. (2002). The Social Management of Rural Nature: Understanding agrarian based rural development. Environment and Planning A, 34(5), 809-825. Doi: 10.1068/a3427.10.1068/a3427Search in Google Scholar

McMahon, B. J., Helden, A., Anderson, A., Sheridan, H., Kinsella, A. & Purvis, G. (2010). Interactions between livestock systems and biodiversity in South-East Ireland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 139(1-2), 232-238. Doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.008.10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.008Search in Google Scholar

Miles, J., (1988). Vegetation and soil change in the uplands. In: M. B. Usher & D. B. Thompson (eds.), Ecological Change in the Uplands (pp. 57-70). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Morris, C., Evans, N. (1999). Research on the geography of agricultural change: Redundant or revitalised. Area, 31(4), 349-358. Doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00101.x.10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00101.xSearch in Google Scholar

Mottet, A., Ladet, S., Coque, N. & Gibon, A. (2006). Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes: A case study in the Pyrenees. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 114(2-4), 296-310. Doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.017.10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.017Search in Google Scholar

Murdoch, J., Lowe, P., Ward, N. & Marsden, T. (2003). The Differentiated Countryside. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Nowicki, P. L. (2004). Jointness of production as a market concept. In: F. Brouwer (ed.), Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment. Governance, policy and multifunctionality (pp.36-55). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Search in Google Scholar

O'Rourke, E. (2006). Biodiversity and land use change on the Causse Méjan, France. Biodiversity and Conservation. 15(8), 2611-2626. Doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-5402-0.10.1007/s10531-005-5402-0Search in Google Scholar

O'Rourke, E. & Kramm, N. (2009). Changes in the Management of the Irish Uplands: A case-study from the Iveragh Peninsula. European Countryside. 1 (1), 53-69. Doi: 10.2478/v10091-009-0005-5.10.2478/v10091-009-0005-5Search in Google Scholar

Paracchini, M. L., Petersen, J-E., Hoogeveen, Y., Bamps, C., Burfield, I. & van Swaay, C. (2008). High nature value farmland in Europe. An estimate of the distribution patterns on the basis of land cover and biodiversity data. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Search in Google Scholar

Plieninger, T., Hoechtl, F., & Spek, T. (2006). Traditional land-use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes. Environmental Science and Policy, 9(4), 317-321. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2006.03.001.10.1016/j.envsci.2006.03.001Search in Google Scholar

Potter, C. & Lobley, M. (1998). Landscapes and livelihoods: environmental protection and agricultural support in the wake of Agenda 2000. Landscape Research, 23(3), 223-236. Doi: 10.1080/01426399808706542.10.1080/01426399808706542Search in Google Scholar

Potter, C. (2004). Multifunctionality as an agricultural and rural policy concept. In: Brouwer, F. (ed.) Sustaining agriculture and the rural environment. Governance, Policy and Multifunctionality (pp.15-35). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Search in Google Scholar

Potter, C. & Tilzey, M. (2005). Agricultural policy discourse in the European post-Fordist transition: Neoliberalism, neomercantilism and multifunctionality. Progress in Human Geography 29(5), pp. 581-600. Doi: 10.1191/0309132505ph569oa.10.1191/0309132505ph569oaSearch in Google Scholar

Poux, X. (2010a). Public goods as a vehicle for integrating biodiversity into agricultural (and other) policies: Opportunities and risks. La Caňada, 25, 5-6.Search in Google Scholar

Poux, X. (2010b). Why biodiversity should top the CAP reform agenda. La Caňada, 24, 2-4.Search in Google Scholar

Primdahl, J., Vesterager, J. P., Finn, J. A., Vlahos, G., Kristensen, L., & Vejre, H. (2010). Current use of impact models for agri-environment schemes and potential for improvements of policy design and assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(6), 1245-1254. Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.012.10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.01220199842Search in Google Scholar

Redford, K. H. & Adams, W. M. (2009). Payment for Ecosystem Services and the Challenge of Saving Nature. Conservation Biology, 23(4), 785-787. Doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01271.x.10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01271.xSearch in Google Scholar

Riedel, J. L., Casasus, I. & Bernues, A. (2007). Sheep farming intensification and utilization of natural resources in Mediterranean pastoral agro-ecosystems. Livestock Science 111 (1-2), 153-163. Doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.12.013.10.1016/j.livsci.2006.12.013Search in Google Scholar

Rook, A. J., Dumont, B., Isselstein, J., Osoro, K., WallisDeVries, M. F., Parente, G. & Mills, J. (2004). Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures - a review. Biological Conservation, 119(2), 137-150. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.11.010.10.1016/j.biocon.2003.11.010Search in Google Scholar

Rundlöf, M., Nilsson, H., Smith, H. G. (2008). Interacting effects of farming practice and landscape context on bumble bees. Biological Conservation, 141(2), 417-426. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.011.10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.011Search in Google Scholar

Selfra, T., Fish, R., Winter, M. (2010). Farming Livelihoods and Landscapes: Tensions in Rural Development and Environmental Regulation. Landscape Research, 35(6), 595-612. Doi: 10.1080/01426397.2010.514043.10.1080/01426397.2010.514043Search in Google Scholar

Short, C. (2000). Common land and ELMS: a need for policy innovation in England and Wales. Land Use Policy, 17(2), 121-133. Doi: 10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00007-7.10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00007-7Search in Google Scholar

Strijker, D. (2005). Marginal lands in Europe - causes of decline. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6(2), 99-106. Doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001.10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan, C., Sheehy Skeffington, M., Gormally, M. J. & Finn, J. A. (2010). The ecological status of grasslands on lowland farmlands in western Ireland and implications for grassland classification and nature value assessment. Biological Conservation 143(6), 1529-1539. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.035.10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.035Search in Google Scholar

Swales, V., Eaton, R., Castan Broto, V., Deane, R., Warmington, B., Parker, S., & Rayment, M. (2004). An assessment of the impact of hill farming in England on the economic, environmental and social sustainability of the uplands and more widely. A study for Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). IEEP, London.Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, D. B. A., MacDonald, A. J., Marsden, J. H. & Galbraith, C. A., (1995). Upland heather moorland in Great Britain: a review of international importance, vegetation change and some objectives for nature conservation. Biological Conservation. 71(2), 163-178. Doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(94)00043-P.10.1016/0006-3207(94)00043-PSearch in Google Scholar

Turenne, J-F. (1991). Research approaches on landscape pattern dynamics in European rural areas. Unesco MAB programme. Options Méditerranénnes, 15, 135-138.Search in Google Scholar

Usher, M. B. & Thompson, D. B. (1988). Eds., Ecological Change in the Uplands. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Van der Ploeg, J. D. & Renting, H. (2000). Impact and Potential: A comparative review of European rural development practices. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), 529-543. Doi: 10.1111/1467-9523.00165.10.1111/1467-9523.00165Search in Google Scholar

Van Huylenbroeck, G. et al. (2007). Multifunctionality of Agriculture: A Review of Definitions, Evidence and Instruments. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, Vol. 1. pp.5-43. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2007-3. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2007-310.12942/lrlr-2007-3Search in Google Scholar

Vidal, J. (2010). Soil loss threatens a hungry Earth. The Guardian Weekly, 17.12.2010, p 32.Search in Google Scholar

Vos, W., Meekes, H. (1999). Trends in European cultural landscape development: Perspectives for a sustainable future. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46(1-3), 3-14. Doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00043-2.10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00043-2Search in Google Scholar

Walford, N. (2002). Agricultural adjustment: adoption of and adaptation to policy reform measures by large-scale commercial farmers. Land Use Policy, 19(3), 243-257. Doi: 10.1016/S0264-8377(02)00018-2.10.1016/S0264-8377(02)00018-2Search in Google Scholar

Walford, N. (2003). Productivism is allegedly dead, long live productivism. Evidence of continued productivist attitudes and decision making in South-East England. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(4), 491-502. Doi: 10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00030-5.10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00030-5Search in Google Scholar

Walther, P. (1986). Land abandonment in the Swiss Alps: a new understanding of a land use problem. Mountain Resource Development, 6, 305-314.10.2307/3673371Search in Google Scholar

Webb, N. R. (1998). The Traditional Management of European Heathlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(6), 987-990. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00020.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00020.xSearch in Google Scholar

Welch, D., (1998). Response of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L. strands in the Derbyshire Peak District to sheep grazing, and implications for moorland conservation. Biological Conservation. 83(2), 155-164. Doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00067-0.10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00067-0Search in Google Scholar

Westoby, M., Walker, B. & Noy-Meir, I. (1989). Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management, 42, 266-274.10.2307/3899492Search in Google Scholar

White, B. & Wadsworth, R. (1994). A bioeconomic model of heather moorland management and conservation. Ecological Economics, 9, 197-207.10.1016/0921-8009(94)90098-1Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, G., (2001). From productivism to post-productivism and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European Agriculture. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26(1), 77-102. Doi: 10.1111/1475-5661.00007.10.1111/1475-5661.00007Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, G. A. (2007). Multifunctional Agriculture: A Transition Theory Perspective. Wallingford: CAB International, 384pp.Search in Google Scholar

Winter, M., Gaskell, P., & Short, C. (1998). Upland Landscapes in Britain and the 1992 CAP Reforms. Landscape Research, 23(3), 273-288. Doi: 10.1080/01426399808706545.10.1080/01426399808706545Search in Google Scholar