This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Arpan, Laura M.; Baker, Kaysee; Lee, Youngwon; Jung, Taejin; Lorusso, Lori & Smith, Jason (2006). News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes. Mass Communication and Society, 9(1): 1–20.ArpanLaura MBakerKayseeLeeYoungwonJungTaejinLorussoLoriSmithJason2006News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes9112010.1207/s15327825mcs0901_1Search in Google Scholar
Arpan, Laura M. & Tüzünkan, Firat (2011). Photographic Depiction of Normative Deviance and Informational Utility as Predictors of Protest News Exposure, Related Perceptions, and Story Comprehension. Mass Communication and Society, 14(2): 178–195.ArpanLaura MTüzünkanFirat2011Photographic Depiction of Normative Deviance and Informational Utility as Predictors of Protest News Exposure, Related Perceptions, and Story Comprehension14217819510.1080/15205431003650486Search in Google Scholar
Barthes, Roland (1977). Image, Music, Text. London: Fontana Press.BarthesRoland1977LondonFontana PressSearch in Google Scholar
Benford, Robert D. & Snow, David A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 611–639.BenfordRobert DSnowDavid A2000Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment2661163910.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611Search in Google Scholar
Biggs, Michael (2005). Dying without Killing: Self-immolations, 1963–2002, pp. 173–208 in Gambetta, Diego (ed.) Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.BiggsMichael2005Dying without Killing: Self-immolations, 1963–2002173208inGambettaDiego(ed.)OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276998.003.0005Search in Google Scholar
Brantner, Cornelia; Lobinger, Katharina & Wetzstein, Irmgard (2011). Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluation of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(3): 523–540.BrantnerCorneliaLobingerKatharinaWetzsteinIrmgard2011Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluation of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 200988352354010.1177/107769901108800304Search in Google Scholar
Burt, Christopher D. & Strongman, Karl (2005). Use of Images in Charity Advertising: Improving Donations and Compliance Rates. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 8(8): 571–580.BurtChristopher DStrongmanKarl2005Use of Images in Charity Advertising: Improving Donations and Compliance Rates88571580Search in Google Scholar
Chang, Chun-Tuan & Lee, Yu-Kang (2009). Framing Charity Advertising: Influences of Message Framing, Image Valence, and Temporal Framing on a Charitable Appeal. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12): 2910–2935.ChangChun-TuanLeeYu-Kang2009Framing Charity Advertising: Influences of Message Framing, Image Valence, and Temporal Framing on a Charitable Appeal39122910293510.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00555.xSearch in Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis & Druckman, James (2010). Dynamic Public Opinion. American Political Science Review, 104(4): 663–680.ChongDennisDruckmanJames2010Dynamic Public Opinion104466368010.1017/S0003055410000493Search in Google Scholar
Corrigall-Brown, Catherine & Wilkes, Rima (2012). Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2): 223–243.Corrigall-BrownCatherineWilkesRima2012Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada56222324310.1177/0002764211419357Search in Google Scholar
Doerr, Nicole; Mattoni, Alice & Teune, Simon (2013). Towards a Visual Analysis of Social Movements, Conflict, and Mobilization. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 35: xi–xxvi.DoerrNicoleMattoniAliceTeuneSimon2013Towards a Visual Analysis of Social Movements, Conflict, and Mobilization35xixxvi10.1108/S0163-786X(2013)0000035004Search in Google Scholar
Domke, David; Perlmutter, David & Spratt, Meg (2002). The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images. Journalism, 3(2): 131–159.DomkeDavidPerlmutterDavidSprattMeg2002The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images3213115910.1177/146488490200300211Search in Google Scholar
D’Orazio, Francesco (2015). Journey of an Image: From a Beach in Bodrum to Twenty Million Screens Around the World, pp. 11–18 in Vis, Farida & Goriunova, Olga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi. Visual Social Media Lab.D’OrazioFrancesco2015Journey of an Image: From a Beach in Bodrum to Twenty Million Screens Around the World1118inVisFaridaGoriunovaOlga(eds.)Visual Social Media LabSearch in Google Scholar
Druckman, James N. & Leeper, Thomas J. (2012). Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects. American Journal of Political Science, 56(4): 875–896.DruckmanJames NLeeperThomas J2012Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects56487589610.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.xSearch in Google Scholar
Druckman, James N.; Green, Donald P.; Kuklinski, James H. & Lupia, Arthur (2011). Experiments: An Introduction to Core Concepts, pp. 15–27 in Druckman, James N.; Green, Donald P.; Kuklinski, James H. & Lupia, Arthur (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.DruckmanJames NGreenDonald PKuklinskiJames HLupiaArthur2011Experiments: An Introduction to Core Concepts1527inDruckmanJames NGreenDonald PKuklinskiJames HLupiaArthur(eds.)CambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511921452.002Search in Google Scholar
Dyck, Evelyn J. & Coldevin, Gary (1992). Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs for Third-World Fund Raising. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 69(3): 572–579.DyckEvelyn JColdevinGary1992Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs for Third-World Fund Raising69357257910.1177/107769909206900305Search in Google Scholar
Entman, Robert M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51–58.EntmanRobert M1993Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm434515810.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.xSearch in Google Scholar
Gamliel, Eyal & Kreiner, Hamutal (2013). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Interaction of Visual Display and Attribute Representation in Attenuating Framing Bias. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4): 482–491.GamlielEyalKreinerHamutal2013Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Interaction of Visual Display and Attribute Representation in Attenuating Framing Bias84482491Search in Google Scholar
Geise, Stephanie & Baden, Christian (2015). Putting the Image Back into the Frame: Modeling the Linkage Between Visual Communication and Frame-Processing Theory. Communication Theory, 25(1): 42–69.GeiseStephanieBadenChristian2015Putting the Image Back into the Frame: Modeling the Linkage Between Visual Communication and Frame-Processing Theory251426910.1111/comt.12048Search in Google Scholar
Gibson, Rhonda & Zillmann, Dolf (2000). Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2): 355–366.GibsonRhondaZillmannDolf2000Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception77235536610.1177/107769900007700209Search in Google Scholar
Gray, Truda & Martin, Brian (2008). My Lai: The Struggle Over Outrage. Peace and Change, 33(1): 90–113.GrayTrudaMartinBrian2008My Lai: The Struggle Over Outrage3319011310.1111/j.1468-0130.2007.00477.xSearch in Google Scholar
Greer, Chris & McLaughlin, Eugene (2010). We Predict a Riot? Public Order Policing, New Media Environments and the Rise of the Citizen Journalist. British Journal of Criminology, 50(6): 1041–1059.GreerChrisMcLaughlinEugene2010We Predict a Riot? Public Order Policing, New Media Environments and the Rise of the Citizen Journalist5061041105910.1093/bjc/azq039Search in Google Scholar
Halfmann, Drew & Young, Michael P. (2010). War Pictures: The Grotesque as a Mobilizing Tactic. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 15(1): 1–24.HalfmannDrewYoungMichael P2010War Pictures: The Grotesque as a Mobilizing Tactic15112410.17813/maiq.15.1.y561981851788672Search in Google Scholar
Höijer, Birgitta (2004). The Discourse of Global Compassion: The Audience and Media Reporting of Human Suffering. Media, Culture, and Society, 26(4): 513–531.HöijerBirgitta2004The Discourse of Global Compassion: The Audience and Media Reporting of Human Suffering26451353110.1177/0163443704044215Search in Google Scholar
Isen, Alice M. & Noonberg, Aaron (1979). The Effect of Photographs of the Handicapped on Donation to Charity: When a Thousand Words May be too Much. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9(5): 426–431.IsenAlice MNoonbergAaron1979The Effect of Photographs of the Handicapped on Donation to Charity: When a Thousand Words May be too Much9542643110.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02716.xSearch in Google Scholar
Iyer, Aarti & Oldmeadow, Julian (2006). Picture This: Emotional and Political Responses to Photographs of the Kenneth Bigley Kidnapping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(5): 635–647.IyerAartiOldmeadowJulian2006Picture This: Emotional and Political Responses to Photographs of the Kenneth Bigley Kidnapping36563564710.1002/ejsp.316Search in Google Scholar
Iyer, Aarti; Webster, Joanna; Hornsey, Matthew J. & Vanman, Eric J. (2014). Understanding the Power of the Picture: The Effect of Image Content on Emotional and Political Responses to Terrorism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(7): 511–521.IyerAartiWebsterJoannaHornseyMatthew JVanmanEric J2014Understanding the Power of the Picture: The Effect of Image Content on Emotional and Political Responses to Terrorism44751152110.1111/jasp.12243Search in Google Scholar
Jasper, James M. & Poulsen, Jane D. (1995). Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests. Social Problems, 42(4): 493–512.JasperJames MPoulsenJane D1995Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests42449351210.2307/3097043Search in Google Scholar
Kress, Gunther (2010). Multimodality. London: Routledge.KressGunther2010LondonRoutledgeSearch in Google Scholar
Martin, Brian (2005). The Beating of Rodney King: The Dynamics of Backfire. Critical Criminology, 13(3): 307–326.MartinBrian2005The Beating of Rodney King: The Dynamics of Backfire13330732610.1007/s10612-005-3186-xSearch in Google Scholar
Merrill, Jamie (2015). Refugee Aid Charities See Surge in Donations after Image of Drowned Syrian Toddler Aylan Kurdi Moves the Nation. Independent, 3 September 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-aid-charities-see-surge-in-donations-after-image-of-drowned-syrian-toddler-aylan-kurdi-moves-10484953.html [Accessed 11 April 2018].MerrillJamie2015Refugee Aid Charities See Surge in Donations after Image of Drowned Syrian Toddler Aylan Kurdi Moves the Nation3 September 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-aid-charities-see-surge-in-donations-after-image-of-drowned-syrian-toddler-aylan-kurdi-moves-10484953.html [Accessed 11 April 2018].Search in Google Scholar
Messaris, Paul & Abraham, Linus (2001). The Role of Images in Framing News Stories, pp. 215–226 in Reese, Stephen D.; Gandy, Oscar & Grant, August (eds.) Framing Public Life. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.MessarisPaulAbrahamLinus2001The Role of Images in Framing News Stories215226inReeseStephen DGandyOscarGrantAugust(eds.)Mahwah, NJLawrence ErlbaumSearch in Google Scholar
Moeller, Susan D. (1999). Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge.MoellerSusan D1999New YorkRoutledgeSearch in Google Scholar
Olesen, Thomas (2013). We Are All Khaled Said: On Visual Injustice Symbols. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 35: 3–25.OlesenThomas2013We Are All Khaled Said: On Visual Injustice Symbols3532510.1108/S0163-786X(2013)0000035005Search in Google Scholar
Olesen, Thomas (2017). Memetic Protest and the Dramatic Diffusion of Alan Kurdi. Media, Culture, and Society. doi: 10.1177/0163443717729212OlesenThomas2017Memetic Protest and the Dramatic Diffusion of Alan Kurdi10.1177/0163443717729212Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Paivio, Allan (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.PaivioAllan1971New YorkHolt, Rinehart & WinstonSearch in Google Scholar
Paivio, Allan (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual-Coding Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.PaivioAllan1986New YorkOxford University PressSearch in Google Scholar
Parry, Katy (2010). A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel–Lebanon Conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 3(1): 67–85.ParryKaty2010A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel–Lebanon Conflict31678510.1177/1750635210353679Search in Google Scholar
Pfau, Michael; Haigh, Michel; Fifrick, Andeelynn; Holl, Douglas; Tedesco, Allison; Cope, Jay; Nunnally, David; Schiess, Amy; Preston, Donald; Roszkowski, Paul & Martin, Marlon (2006). The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(1): 150–168.PfauMichaelHaighMichelFifrickAndeelynnHollDouglasTedescoAllisonCopeJayNunnallyDavidSchiessAmyPrestonDonaldRoszkowskiPaulMartinMarlon2006The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War83115016810.1177/107769900608300110Search in Google Scholar
Robinson, Piers (2002). The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention. London: Routledge.RobinsonPiers2002LondonRoutledgeSearch in Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Lulu & Dimitrova, Daniela V. (2011). The Levels of Visual Framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1): 48–65.RodriguezLuluDimitrovaDaniela V2011The Levels of Visual Framing301486510.1080/23796529.2011.11674684Search in Google Scholar
Rogers, Simon (2015). What Can Search Data Tell Us About How the Story of Aylan Kurdi Spread Around the World?, pp. 19–26 in Vis, Farida & Goriunova, Olga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi. Visual Social Media Lab.RogersSimon2015What Can Search Data Tell Us About How the Story of Aylan Kurdi Spread Around the World?1926inVisFaridaGoriunovaOlga(eds.)Visual Social Media LabSearch in Google Scholar
Slothuus, Rune (2010). Framing og politiske partier: Kan den rette indpakning gøre politiske forslag mere spiselige? [Framing and Political Parties: Can the Right Packaging Make Policies More Appealing?] Politica, 42(3): 345–360.SlothuusRune2010Framing og politiske partier: Kan den rette indpakning gøre politiske forslag mere spiselige?[Framing and Political Parties: Can the Right Packaging Make Policies More Appealing?]42334536010.7146/politica.v42i3.69821Search in Google Scholar
Small, Deborah A. & Verrochi, Nicole M. (2009). The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(6): 777–787.SmallDeborah AVerrochiNicole M2009The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements46677778710.1509/jmkr.46.6.777Search in Google Scholar
Snow, David; Benford, Robert; McCammon, Holly; Hewitt, Lyndi & Fitzgerald, Scott (2014). The Emergence, Development, and Future of the Framing Perspective: 25+ Years Since ‘Frame Alignment’. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 19(1): 23–46.SnowDavidBenfordRobertMcCammonHollyHewittLyndiFitzgeraldScott2014The Emergence, Development, and Future of the Framing Perspective: 25+ Years Since ‘Frame Alignment’191234610.17813/maiq.19.1.x74278226830m69lSearch in Google Scholar
Sontag, Susan (1979). On Photography. London: Penguin Books.SontagSusan1979LondonPenguin BooksSearch in Google Scholar
Teune, Simon (2013). Imagining Heiligendamm. Visual Struggles and the G8 Summit 2007, pp. 203–226 in Cammaerts, Bert; Mattoni, Alice & McCurdy, Patrick (eds.) Mediation and Protest Movements. Bristol: Intellect.TeuneSimon2013Imagining Heiligendamm. Visual Struggles and the G8 Summit 2007203226inCammaertsBertMattoniAliceMcCurdyPatrick(eds.)BristolIntellectSearch in Google Scholar
Yardley, Jim (2015). Rising Toll on Migrants Leaves Europe in Crisis; 900 May Be Dead at Sea. New York Times, 20 April 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/world/europe/european-union-immigration-migrant-ship-capsizes.html?_r=0 [Accessed 11 April 2018].YardleyJim2015Rising Toll on Migrants Leaves Europe in Crisis; 900 May Be Dead at Sea20 April 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/world/europe/european-union-immigration-migrant-ship-capsizes.html?_r=0 [Accessed 11 April 2018].Search in Google Scholar
Zajonc, Robert (1980). Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35: 151–175.ZajoncRobert1980Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences3515117510.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151Search in Google Scholar
Zaller, John (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ZallerJohn1992CambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511818691Search in Google Scholar