<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_jvetres-2018-0043_s_005_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c16b1Aa"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Amitraz is a formamide exhibiting both acaricidal and insecticidal activity and is frequently used by beekeepers to protect honeybee colonies against <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> mites. The aim of this apiary trial was to evaluate the impact of honeybee colony fumigation with amitraz on the level of contamination of honey stored in combs.</p></sec><sec id="j_jvetres-2018-0043_s_006_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c16b2Aa"><h3>Material and Methods</h3><p>Experimental colonies were fumigated four times every four days with one tablet of Apiwarol per treatment. Honey was sampled from combs of brood chambers and combs of supers one day after each amitraz application and from harvested honey. Amitraz marker residues (as a total of amitraz and metabolites containing parts of molecules with properties specific to the 2,4-DMA group, expressed as amitraz) were evaluated in honey.</p></sec><sec id="j_jvetres-2018-0043_s_007_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c16b3Aa"><h3>Results</h3><p>All analysed samples were contaminated with amitraz metabolites. 2,4-DMA and DMPF were the most frequently determined compounds. The average concentration of amitraz marker residue in honey from groups where a smouldering tablet was located directly in beehives was significantly higher than that of residue in honey from groups with indirect smoke generation. No significant effect on the honey contamination deriving from the place where it was exposed to smoke (combs of brood chambers and supers) was noted. Amitraz marker residues exceeded the MRL in 10% of honey samples from combs.</p></sec><sec id="j_jvetres-2018-0043_s_008_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c16b4Aa"><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Fumigation of beehives with amitraz results in contamination of honey stored in combs.</p></sec></abstract>

IntroductionAmitraz is a formamide exhibiting both acaricidal and insecticidal activity and is frequently used by beekeepers to protect honeybee colonies against Varroa destructor mites. The aim of this apiary trial was to evaluate the impact of honeybee colony fumigation with amitraz on the level of contamination of honey stored in combs.Material and MethodsExperimental colonies were fumigated four times every four days with one tablet of Apiwarol per treatment. Honey was sampled from combs of brood chambers and combs of supers one day after each amitraz application and from harvested honey. Amitraz marker residues (as a total of amitraz and metabolites containing parts of molecules with properties specific to the 2,4-DMA group, expressed as amitraz) were evaluated in honey.ResultsAll analysed samples were contaminated with amitraz metabolites. 2,4-DMA and DMPF were the most frequently determined compounds. The average concentration of amitraz marker residue in honey from groups where a smouldering tablet was located directly in beehives was significantly higher than that of residue in honey from groups with indirect smoke generation. No significant effect on the honey contamination deriving from the place where it was exposed to smoke (combs of brood chambers and supers) was noted. Amitraz marker residues exceeded the MRL in 10% of honey samples from combs.ConclusionFumigation of beehives with amitraz results in contamination of honey stored in combs.

Amitraz marker residues in honey from honeybee colonies treated with Apiwarol

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

{"article-title":"Amitraz marker residues in honey from honeybee colonies treated with Apiwarol"}

IntroductionAmitraz is a formamide exhibiting both acaricidal and insecticidal activity and is frequently used by beekeepers to protect honeybee colonies...

	Group W – Apiwarol combustion in Wakont (n = 27)				Group B – Apiwarol combustion in hive (n = 27)
		Concentration (μg/kg)				Concentration (μg/kg)
Metabolite	percentage in samples containing residue				percentage of samples containing residue
		Min.	Max.	Mean		Min.	Max.	Mean
DMF	37.0%	1.1	3.8	1.6 a	66.6%	1.0	29.9	4.6 a
DMPF	77.7%	1.0	2.7	1.7 a	81.4%	1.0	16.4	4.1 a
DMA	92.5%	10.0	60.5	26.6 b	96.1%	10.0	309.5	48.1 b

Groups	Group W – Apiwarol combustion in Wakont				Group B – Apiwarol combustion in hive
Consecutive treatment	1^st	2^nd	3^rd	4^th	1^st	2^nd	3^rd	4^th
Consecutive treatment	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6	n = 6
Samples from brood chamber	71.7 ± 52.9	16.3 ±	11.1 54.9 ± 2.1	56.3 ± 50.4	38.1 ± 14.3	41.1 ±	31.1 91.5 ± 55.9	276.2 ± 288.9
Samples from super	75.1 ± 18.9	38.4 ± 7.8	106.8 ± 0.8	72.2 ± 27.1	69.5 ± 9.9	85.1 ±	26.8 53.9 ± 19.3	150.0 ± 70.1
In total	73.4 ± 39.8	27.4 ±	14.7 80.9 ± 26.0	64.3 ± 41.3	53.8 ± 20.0	63.1 ±	36.4 72.7 ± 45.8	213.1 ± 219.5
Samples n = 3 in each from group centrifuged honey	58.3 ± 21.98 means with different small letters in the same column are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05)				214.4 ± 29.7 means with different small letters in the same column are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05)

Amitraz marker residues in honey from honeybee colonies treated with Apiwarol

Online veröffentlicht: 23. Okt. 2018

Seitenbereich: 297 - 301

Eingereicht: 15. Juni 2018

Akzeptiert: 27. Sept. 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0043

Schlüsselwörter
honey bees, honey, amitraz fumigation, amitraz marker residues

© 2018 K. Pohorecka et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The amitraz metabolite profile in honey samples, separately presented for each group

Average amitraz marker residue contents in honey samples ±SD (as sum of amitraz and all metabolites containing the 2,4-DMA moiety, expressed as amitraz, in μg/kg)

Amitraz marker residues in honey from honeybee colonies treated with Apiwarol

Online veröffentlicht: 23. Okt. 2018

Seitenbereich: 297 - 301

Eingereicht: 15. Juni 2018

Akzeptiert: 27. Sept. 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0043

Schlüsselwörterhoney bees, honey, amitraz fumigation, amitraz marker residues

© 2018 K. Pohorecka et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The amitraz metabolite profile in honey samples, separately presented for each group

Average amitraz marker residue contents in honey samples ±SD (as sum of amitraz and all metabolites containing the 2,4-DMA moiety, expressed as amitraz, in μg/kg)

Schlüsselwörter
honey bees, honey, amitraz fumigation, amitraz marker residues