Factors Affecting the Risk of Free Flap Failure in Microvascular Surgery

Adams, J., Charlton, P. (2003). Anaesthesia for microvascular free tissue transfer. Brit. J. Anaesth. CEPD Rev.,3 (2), 33–37.10.1093/bjacepd/mkg009Search in Google Scholar

Al-Dam, A., Zrnc, T. A., Hanken, H., Riecke, B., Eichhorn, W., Nourwali, I., Gröbe, A. (2014). Outcome of microvascular free flaps in a high-volume training centre. J. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg.,42 (7), 1178–1183.10.1016/j.jcms.2014.02.005Search in Google Scholar

Annecke, T., Chappell, D., Chen, C., Jacob, M., Welsch, U., Sommerhoff, C. P., Becker, B. F. (2010). Sevoflurane preserves the endothelial glycocalyx against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Brit. J. Anaesth., 104 (4), 414–421.10.1093/bja/aeq019Search in Google Scholar

Arellano, R., Gan, B. S., Salpeter, M. J., Yeo, E., McCluskey, S., Pinto, R., Lampe, H. (2005). A triple-blinded randomized trial comparing the hemostatic effects of large-dose 10% hydroxyethyl starch 264/0.45 versus 5% albumin during major reconstructive surgery. Anesth. Analg., 100 (6), 1846–1853.Search in Google Scholar

Ashjian, P., Chen, C. M., Pusic, A., Disa, J. J., Cordeiro, P. G., Mehrara, B. J. (2007). The effect of postoperative anticoagulation on microvascular thrombosis. Ann. Plastic Surg., 59 (1), 36–39.10.1097/01.sap.0000264837.15110.2fSearch in Google Scholar

Booi, D. I. (2011). Perioperative fluid overload increases anastomosis thrombosis in the free TRAM flap used for breast reconstruction. Eur. J. Plastic Surg., 34 (2), 81–86.10.1007/s00238-010-0466-9Search in Google Scholar

Bozkurt, M., Kulahci, Y., Zor, F., Sen, H., Acikel, C. H., Deveci, M., Sengezer, M. (2010). Comparison of the effects of inhalation, epidural, spinal, and combined anesthesia techniques on rat cremaster muscle flap microcirculation. Microsurgery, 30 (1), 55–60.10.1002/micr.20719Search in Google Scholar

Brands, M. T., van den Bosch, S. C., Dieleman, F. J., Bergé, S. J., Merkx, M. A. W. (2010). Prevention of thrombosis after microvascular tissue transfer in the head and neck. A review of the literature and the state of affairs in Dutch Head and Neck Cancer Centers. Int. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 39 (2), 101–106.Search in Google Scholar

Brinkman, J. N., Derks, L. H., Klimek, M., Mureau, M. A. M. (2013). Perioperative fluid management and use of vasoactive and antithrombotic agents in free flap surgery: A literature review and clinical recommendations. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 29 (6), 357–66.Search in Google Scholar

Bruegger, D., Bauer, a, Finsterer, U., Bernasconi, P., Kreimeier, U., Christ, F. (2002). Microvascular changes during anesthesia: Sevoflurane compared with propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 46 (5), 481–487.10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460502.xSearch in Google Scholar

Cayci, C., Cinar, C., Yucel, O. a, Tekinay, T., Ascherman, J. A. (2010). The effect of epidural anesthesia on muscle flap tolerance to venous ischemia. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 125 (1), 89–98.10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181c49544Search in Google Scholar

Chang, D. W. (2006). The effect of smoking on flap and donor-site complications in pedicled TRAM breast reconstruction. Breast Dis., 17, 295–296.10.1016/S1043-321X(06)80554-0Search in Google Scholar

Chang, E. I., Carlsen, B. T., Festekjian, J. H., Da Lio, A. L., Crisera, C. A. (2013). Salvage rates of compromised free flap breast reconstruction after recurrent thrombosis. Ann. Plastic Surg., 71 (1), 68–71.10.1097/SAP.0b013e31824680c823123611Search in Google Scholar

Chappell, D., Jacob, M., Hofmann-Kiefer, K., Conzen, P., Rehm, M. (2008). A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology, 109 (4), 723–740.10.1097/ALN.0b013e318186311718813052Search in Google Scholar

Chen, C. M., Ashjian, P., Disa, J. J., Cordeiro, P. G., Pusic, A. L., Mehrara, B. J. (2008). Is the use of intraoperative heparin safe? Plastic Reconstr. Surg.,121 (3), 49e–53e.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, C., Nguyen, M.-D., Bar-Meir, E., Hess, P. a, Lin, S., Tobias, A. M., Lee, B. T. (2010). Effects of vasopressor administration on the outcomes of microsurgical breast reconstruction. Ann. Plastic Surg., 65 (1), 28–31.10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181bda31220548236Search in Google Scholar

Chien, W., Varvares, M. A., Hadlock, T., Cheney, M., Deschler, D. G. (2005). Effects of aspirin and low-dose heparin in head and neck reconstruction using microvascular free flaps. The Laryngoscope, 115 (6), 973–976.10.1097/01.MLG.0000163539.97485.F415933503Search in Google Scholar

Clark, J. R. J., McCluskey, S. A. S., Hall, F., Lipa, J., Neligan, P., Brown, D., Gilbert, R. (2007). Predictors of morbidity following free flap reconstruction for cancer of the head and neck. Head Neck, 29 (December), 1090–1101.10.1002/hed.2063917563889Search in Google Scholar

Coskunfirat, O. K., Chen, H., Spanio, S., Tang, Y. (2005). The safety of microvascular free tissue transfer in the elderly population. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 115 (3), 771–775.10.1097/01.PRS.0000152424.91250.A5Search in Google Scholar

Davison, S. P., Kessler, C. M., Al-Attar, A. (2009). Microvascular free flap failure caused by unrecognized hypercoagulability. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 124 (2), 490–495.10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181adcf3519644264Search in Google Scholar

De Stefano, V., Martinelli, I., Mannucci, P. M., Paciaroni, K., Chiusolo, P., Casorelli, I., Leone, G. (1999). The risk of recurrent deep venous thrombosis among heterozygous carriers of both factor V Leiden and the G20210A prothrombin mutation. New Engl. J. Med., 341 (11), 801–806.10.1056/NEJM19990909341110410477778Search in Google Scholar

Disa, J. J., Polvora, V. P., Pusic, A. L., Singh, B., Cordeiro, P. G. (2003). Dextran-related complications in head and neck microsurgery: Do the benefits outweigh the risks? A prospective randomized analysis. Plastic Reconstr. Surg.,112 (6), 1534–1539.10.1097/01.PRS.0000083378.58757.5414578781Search in Google Scholar

Eley, K. A, Young, J. D., Watt-Smith, S. R. (2012). Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine, and dopexamine effects on free flap skin blood flow. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 130 (3), 564–570.10.1097/PRS.0b013e31825dbf7322929242Search in Google Scholar

Eley, K. A., Young, J. D., Watt-Smith, S. R. (2013). Power spectral analysis of the effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine and dopexamine on microcirculation following free tissue transfer. Microsurgery, 33 (4), 275–281.10.1002/micr.2207223362174Search in Google Scholar

Erni, D., Banic, a, Signer, C., Sigurdsson, G. H. (1999). Effects of epidural anaesthesia on microcirculatory blood flow in free flaps in patients under general anaesthesia. Eur. J. Anaesthes., 16 (10), 692–698.10.1097/00003643-199910000-00006Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, J. P., Nelson, J. a, Sieber, B., Stransky, C., Kovach, S. J., Serletti, J. M., Wu, L. C. (2014). Transfusions in autologous breast reconstructions: An analysis of risk factors, complications, and cost. Ann. Plastic Surg., 72 (5), 566–571.10.1097/SAP.0b013e318268a80323241792Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, J. P., Wink, J. D., Nelson, J. A., Cleveland, E., Grover, R., Wu, L. C., Kovach, S. J. (2013). Aretrospective review of outcomes and flap selection in free tissue transfers for complex lower extremity reconstruction. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 29 (6), 407–416.Search in Google Scholar

Gardiner, M. D., Nanchahal, J. (2010). Strategies to ensure success of microvascular free tissue transfer. J. Plastic Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg., 63 (9), e665–73.10.1016/j.bjps.2010.06.01120615774Search in Google Scholar

Gerressen, M., Pastaschek, C. I., Riediger, D., Hilgers, R.-D., Hölzle, F., Noroozi, N., Ghassemi, A. (2013). Microsurgical free flap reconstructions of head and neck region in 406 cases: A 13-year experience. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg.,71 (3), 628–635.10.1016/j.joms.2012.07.00222939011Search in Google Scholar

Godina, M. (1979). Preferential use of end-to-side arterial anastomoses in free flap transfers. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 64 (5), 673–682.10.1097/00006534-197964050-00013Search in Google Scholar

Hagau, N., Longrois, D. (2009). Anesthesia for free vascularized tissue transfer. Microsurgery, 29 (2), 161–167.10.1002/micr.2058418946883Search in Google Scholar

Handschel, J., Burghardt, S., Naujoks, C., Kübler, N. R., Giers, G. (2013). Parameters predicting complications in flap surgery. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 115 (5), 589–594.10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.00723246227Search in Google Scholar

Hill, J. B., Patel, A., Del Corral, G. A, Sexton, K. W., Ehrenfeld, J. M., Guillamondegui, O. D., Shack, R. B. (2012). Preoperative anemia predicts thrombosis and free flap failure in microvascular reconstruction. Ann. Plastic Surg., 69 (4), 364–367.10.1097/SAP.0b013e31823ed60622964664Search in Google Scholar

Hill, J. B., Sexton, K. W., Bartlett, E. L., Papillion, P. W., Del Corral, G. A., Patel, A., Shack, R. B. (2015). The clinical role of intraoperative core temperature in free tissue transfer. Ann. Plastic Surg., 75 (6), 620–624.10.1097/SAP.000000000000021025785374Search in Google Scholar

Höijer, P., Olsson, E. (2006). Elevated coagulation factor VIII, postoperative thrombosis and flap failure in late breast reconstruction with a free TRAM flap: A case report. J. Plastic Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg.,59 (1), 102–104.10.1016/j.bjps.2005.06.00316482798Search in Google Scholar

Kakarala, K., Emerick, K. S., Lin, D. T., Rocco, J. W., Deschler, D. G. (2012). Free flap reconstruction in 1999 and 2009: Changing case characteristics and outcomes. The Laryngoscope, 122 (10), 2160–2163.10.1002/lary.2345722674647Search in Google Scholar

Kao, H. K., Chang, K. P., Ching, W. C., Tsao, C. K., Cheng, M. H., Wei, F. C. (2010). Postoperative morbidity and mortality of head and neck cancers in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing surgical resection followed by microsurgical free tissue transfer. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 17 (1534–4681 (Electronic)), 536–543.10.1245/s10434-009-0805-x19904572Search in Google Scholar

Karakida, K., Aoki, T., Ota, Y., Yamazaki, H., Otsuru, M., Takahashi, M., Miyasaka, M. (2010). Analysis of risk factors for surgical-site infections in 276 oral cancer surgeries with microvascular free-flap reconstructions at a single university hospital. J. Inf. Chemother.,16 (5), 334–339.10.1007/s10156-010-0108-y20809241Search in Google Scholar

Kelly, D. A, Reynolds, M., Crantford, C., Pestana, I. A. (2014). Impact of intraoperative vasopressor use in free tissue transfer for head, neck, and extremity reconstruction. Ann. Plastic Surg., 72 (6), S135–138.10.1097/SAP.000000000000007624691344Search in Google Scholar

Khansa, I., Colakoglu, S., Tomich, D. C., Nguyen, M.-D., Lee, B. T. (2011). Factor V Leiden associated with flap loss in microsurgical breast reconstruction. Microsurgery, 31 (5), 409–412.10.1002/micr.2087921503971Search in Google Scholar

Khouri, R. K., Cooley, B. C., Kunselman, A. R., Landis, J. R., Yeramian, P., Ingram, D., Wallemark, C. (1998). A prospective study of microvascular free-flap surgery and outcome. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 102 (3), 711–721.10.1097/00006534-199809010-00015Search in Google Scholar

Kim, B. D., Ver Halen, J. P., Mlodinow, A. S., Kim, J. Y. S. (2014). Intraoperative transfusion of packed red blood cells in microvascular free tissue transfer patients: Assessment of 30-day morbidity using the NSQIP dataset. J. Reconstr. Microsurg.,30 (2), 103–114.Search in Google Scholar

Kitchens, C. (2008). Concept of hypercoagulability: A review of its development, clinical application, and recent progress. Seminars Thromb. Hemostasis, 11 (03), 293–315.Search in Google Scholar

Kolbenschlag, J., Daigeler, A., Lauer, S., Wittenberg, G., Fischer, S., Kapalschinski, N., Goertz, O. (2014). Can rotational thromboelastometry predict thrombotic complications in reconstructive microsurgery? Microsurgery, 34 (4), 253–260.10.1002/micr.2219924142816Search in Google Scholar

Kozek-Langenecker, S. A, Afshari, A., Albaladejo, P., Santullano, C. A. A., De Robertis, E., Filipescu, D. C., Wyffels, P. (2013). Management of severe perioperative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 30 (6), 270–382.10.1097/EJA.0b013e32835f4d5b23656742Search in Google Scholar

Kuri, M., Nakagawa, M., Tanaka, H., Hasuo, S., Kishi, Y. (2005). Determination of the duration of preoperative smoking cessation to improve wound healing after head and neck surgery. Anesthesiology, 102 (5), 892–896.10.1097/00000542-200505000-0000515851873Search in Google Scholar

Kurt, E., Ozturk, S., Isik, S., Zor, F. (2005). Continuous brachial plexus blockade for digital replantations and toe-to-hand transfers. Ann. Plastic Surg., 54 (1), 24–27.10.1097/01.sap.0000139568.57928.8615613878Search in Google Scholar

Labow, B. I., Greene, A. K., Upton, J. (2007). Homocystinuria: An unrecognized cause of microvascular failure. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 120 (1), 6e–12e.10.1097/01.prs.0000264079.39846.6f17572538Search in Google Scholar

Lee, K. T., Jeon, B.-J., Lim, S.-Y., Pyon, J.-K., Bang, S.-I., Oh, K.-S., Mun, G.-H. (2012). The effects of ketorolac on microvascular thrombosis in lower extremity reconstruction. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 129 (6), 1322–1327.10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824ec33f22327889Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Y. K., Park, K. Y., Koo, Y. T., Baek, R. M., Heo, C. Y., Eun, S. C., Kim, B. K. (2014). Analysis of multiple risk factors affecting the result of free flap transfer for necrotising soft tissue defects of the lower extremities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Plastic Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg.,67 (5), 624–628.10.1016/j.bjps.2014.01.04724581954Search in Google Scholar

Lighthall, J. G., Cain, R., Ghanem, T. A., Wax, M. K. (2013). Effect of postoperative aspirin on outcomes in microvascular free tissue transfer surgery. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.,148 (1), 40–46.10.1177/019459981246332023042842Search in Google Scholar

Liu, S.-A., Wong, Y.-K., Poon, C.-K., Wang, C.-C., Wang, C.-P., Tung, K.-C. (2007). Risk factors for wound infection after surgery in primary oral cavity cancer patients. The Laryngoscope, 117 (1), 166–171.10.1097/01.mlg.0000249737.05840.2917202947Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Y.-J., Hirsch, B. P., Shah, A. A, Reid, M. A, Thomson, J. G. (2011). Mild intraoperative hypothermia reduces free tissue transfer thrombosis. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 27 (2), 121–126.10.1055/s-0030-126821120981640Search in Google Scholar

Louer, C. R., Chang, J. B., Hollenbeck, S. T., Zenn, M. R. (2013). Autologous blood use for free flap breast reconstruction: A comparative evaluation of a preoperative blood donation program. Ann. Plast.Surg., 70 (2), 158–161.10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182321b1722214797Search in Google Scholar

Lucchinetti, E., Ambrosio, S., Aguirre, J., Herrmann, P., Härter, L., Keel, M., Zaugg, M. (2007). Sevoflurane inhalation at sedative concentrations provides endothelial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. Anesthesiology, 106 (2), 262–268.10.1097/00000542-200702000-0001317264719Search in Google Scholar

Masoomi, H., Clark, E. G., Paydar, K. Z., Evans, G. R. D., Nguyen, A., Kobayashi, M. R., Wirth, G. A. (2014). Predictive risk factors of free flap thrombosis in breast reconstruction surgery. Microsurgery, 34 (8), 589–94.10.1002/micr.2225024665051Search in Google Scholar

Nahabedian, M. Y. Free Tissue Transfer Flaps: Definition, Indications, Preoperative Considerations. (n.d.). Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1284841-overview#showall (accessed 14 November 2015).Search in Google Scholar

McLean, D. H., Buncke, H. J. (1972). Autotransplant of omentum to a large scalp defect, with microsurgical revascularization. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 49 (3), 268–274.10.1097/00006534-197203000-000054551236Search in Google Scholar

Mlodinow, A. S., Ver Halen, J. P., Rambachan, A., Gaido, J., Kim, J. Y. S. (2013). Anemia is not a predictor of free flap failure: A review of NSQIP data. Microsurgery, 33 (6), 432–438.10.1002/micr.2210723836610Search in Google Scholar

Monroe, M. M., Cannady, S. B., Ghanem, T. A, Swide, C. E., Wax, M. K. (2011). Safety of vasopressor use in head and neck microvascular reconstruction: A prospective observational study. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.,144 (6), 877–882.10.1177/019459981140131321493297Search in Google Scholar

Motakef, S., Mountziaris, P. M., Ismail, I. K., Agag, R. L., Patel, A. (2015). Emerging paradigms in perioperative management for microsurgical freet transfer. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 135 (1), 290–299.10.1097/PRS.000000000000083925539313Search in Google Scholar

Monroe, M. M., McClelland, J., Swide, C., Wax, M. K. (2010). Vasopressor use in free tissue transfer surgery. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.,142 (2), 169–173.10.1016/j.otohns.2009.11.00120115969Search in Google Scholar

Müller, M. C., Meijers, J. C. M., Vroom, M. B., Juffermans, N. P. (2014). Utility of thromboelastography and/or thromboelastometry in adults with sepsis: A systematic review. Crit. Care, 18 (1), R30.10.1186/cc13721405635324512650Search in Google Scholar

Oh, T. S., Lee, H. S., Hong, J. P. (2013). Diabetic foot reconstruction using free flaps increases 5-year-survival rate. J. Plastic Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg., 66 (2), 243–250.10.1016/j.bjps.2012.09.02423098584Search in Google Scholar

Olsson, E., Svartling, N., Asko-Seljavaara, S., Lassila, R. (2001). Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during reconstructive microsurgery in patients with cancer. Microsurgery, 21 (5), 208–213.10.1002/micr.104011494394Search in Google Scholar

Ozkan, O., Ozgentas, H. E., Islamoglu, K., Boztug, N., Bigat, Z., Dikici, M. B. (2005). Experiences with microsurgical tissue transfers in elderly patients. Microsurgery, 25 (5), 390–395.10.1002/micr.2013616013064Search in Google Scholar

Patel, R. S., McCluskey, S. A., Goldstein, D. P., Minkovich, L., Irish, J. C., Brown, D. H., Gilbert, R. W. (2010). Clinicopathologic and therapeutic risk factors for perioperative complications and prolonged hospital stay in free flap reconstruction of the head and neck. Head Neck, 32 (10), 1345–1353.10.1002/hed.2133120091687Search in Google Scholar

Pohlenz, P., Blessmann, M., Heiland, M., Blake, F., Schmelzle, R., Li, L. (2007). Postoperative complications in 202 cases of microvascular head and neck reconstruction. J. Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg., 35 (6–7), 311–315.10.1016/j.jcms.2007.05.00117855103Search in Google Scholar

Quinlan, J., Lodi, O. (2009). Anaesthesia for reconstructive surgery. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Med., 10 (1), 26–31.10.1016/j.mpaic.2008.11.008Search in Google Scholar

Riva, F. M. G., Chen, Y., Tan, N., Lin, P., Tsai, Y., Chang, H., Kuo, Y. (2012). The outcome of prostaglandin-E1 and dextran-40 compared to no antithrombotic therapy in head and neck free tissue transfer: analysis of 1,351 cases in a single center. Microsurgery, 32 (5), 339–343.10.1002/micr.2195822438138Search in Google Scholar

Rosenberg, a. J. W. P., Van Cann, E. M., van der Bilt, a., Koole, R., van Es, R. J. J. (2009). A prospective study on prognostic factors for free-flap reconstructions of head and neck defects. Int. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 38 (6), 666–670.10.1016/j.ijom.2009.01.01219264448Search in Google Scholar

Rosendaal, F. R. (1999). Venous thrombosis: A multicausal disease. Lancet, 353 (9159), 1167–1173.Search in Google Scholar

Scalia, R., Gong, Y., Berzins, B., Zhao, L. J., Sharma, K. (2007). Hyperglycemia is a major determinant of albumin permeability in diabetic microcirculation: The role of mu-calpain. Diabetes, 56 (7), 1842–1849.10.2337/db06-119817446533Search in Google Scholar

Sezgin, B., Ayhan, S., Tuncer, S., Sencan, A., Aral, M. (2012). Hypercoagulability in microvascular breast reconstruction: An algorithmic approach for an underestimated situation. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 28 (8), 515–520.10.1055/s-0032-131577122744893Search in Google Scholar

Shetty, P. S., Boyce, H., Chisholm, D. (2009). Anaesthesia for onco-plastic reconstructive surgery. Curr. Anaesthesia Crit. Care, 20 (1), 18–21.10.1016/j.cacc.2008.10.004Search in Google Scholar

Shum, J., Markiewicz, M. R., Park, E., Bui, T., Lubek, J., Bryan Bell, R., Dierks, E. J. (2014). Low prealbumin level is a risk factor for microvascular free flap failure. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 72 (1), 169–177.10.1016/j.joms.2013.05.02223911143Search in Google Scholar

Sigurdsson, G. H., Thomson, D. (1995). Anaesthesia and microvascular surgery: Clinical practice and research. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 12 (2), 101–122.Search in Google Scholar

Stepanovs J., Ozolina A., Mamaja B. (2015). Preoperative detection of thrombogenic factors in reconstructive microvascular surgery. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 32, e-Supplement 53, 8AP4-6, 258 p. Available at: https://www.esahq.org/~/media/ESA/Files/Downloads/Resources-Abstracts-Euroanaesthesia2015/Euroanaesthesia%202015%20Abstract%20Book.ashx (accessed 15.06.2015).Search in Google Scholar

Su, H.-H., Lui, P.-W., Yu, C.-L., Liew, C.-S., Lin, C.-H., Lin, Y.-T., Yang, M.-W. (2005). The effects of continuous axillary brachial plexus block with ropivacaine infusion on skin temperature and survival of crushed fingers after microsurgical replantation. Chang Gung Med. J.,28 (8), 567–574.Search in Google Scholar

Sumer, B. D., Myers, L. L., Leach, J., Truelson, J. M. (2009). Correlation between intraoperative hypothermia and perioperative morbidity in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 135 (7), 682–686.10.1001/archoto.2009.6519620590Search in Google Scholar

Szakmany, T., Dodd, M., Dempsey, G. a, Lowe, D., Brown, J. S., Vaughan, E. D., Rogers, S. N. (2006). The influence of allogenic blood transfusion in patients having free-flap primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Brit. J. Cancer, 94 (5), 647–653.10.1038/sj.bjc.6603013236120516523195Search in Google Scholar

Thomson, J. G., Mine, R., Shah, A., Palesty, J. A., Yaghjyan, G., Ahmed, S., Chao, R. P. (2009). The effect of core temperature on the success of free tissue transfer. J. Reconstr. Microsurg.,25 (7), 411–416.10.1055/s-0029-122384919455487Search in Google Scholar

Vamvakas, E. C., Blajchman, M. A. (2007). Transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM): An update. Blood Rev., 21 (6), 327–348.10.1016/j.blre.2007.07.00317804128Search in Google Scholar

Vandenbroucke, J. P., Rosing, J., Bloemenkamp, K. W., Middeldorp, S., Helmerhorst, F. M., Bouma, B. N., Rosendaal, F. R. (2001). Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis. New Engl. J. Med., 344, 1527–1535.10.1056/NEJM20010517344200711357157Search in Google Scholar

Wang, T. Y., Serletti, J. M., Cuker, A., McGrath, J., Low, D. W., Kovach, S. J., Wu, L. C. (2012). Free tissue transfer in the hypercoagulable patient: A review of 58 flaps. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 129 (2), 443–453.10.1097/PRS.0b013e31823aec4d21987047Search in Google Scholar

Wei, F., Jain, V., Celik, N., Chen, H., Chuang, D. C.-C., Lin, C. (2002). Have we found an ideal soft-tissue flap? An experience with 672 anterolateral thigh flaps. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 109 (7), 2219–2226; discussion 2227–2230.10.1097/00006534-200206000-0000712045540Search in Google Scholar

Wettstein, R., Schürch, R., Banic, A., Erni, D., Harder, Y. (2008). Review of 197 consecutive free flap reconstructions in the lower extremity. J. Plastic Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg., 61 (7), 772–776.10.1016/j.bjps.2007.11.03718248863Search in Google Scholar

Wikner, J., Beck-Broichsitter, B. E., Schlesinger, S., Schön, G., Heiland, M., Assaf, A. T., Heckel, K. (2015). Thromboelastometry: A contribution to perioperative free-flap management. J. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg.,43 (7), 1065–1071.10.1016/j.jcms.2015.05.01626130612Search in Google Scholar

Wolff, K. D., Holzle, F., Wysluch, A., Mucke, T., Kesting, M. (2008). Incidence and time of intraoperative vascular complications in head and neck microsurgery. Microsurgery, 28 (3), 143–146.10.1002/micr.2046818286659Search in Google Scholar

Wong, A. K., Joanna Nguyen, T., Peric, M., Shahabi, A., Vidar, E. N., Hwang, B. H., Urata, M. M. (2015). Analysis of risk factors associated with microvascular free flap failure using a multi-institutional database. Microsurgery,35 (1), 6–12.10.1002/micr.2222324431159Search in Google Scholar

Yoshimoto, S., Kawabata, K., Mitani, H. (2010). Factors involved in free flap thrombosis after reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer. Auris Nasus Larynx, 37 (2), 212–216.10.1016/j.anl.2009.07.00219700250Search in Google Scholar

Young, V. L., Watson, M. E. (2006). Prevention of perioperative hypothermia in plastic surgery. Aesth. Surg. J., 26 (5), 551–571.10.1016/j.asj.2006.08.00919338943Search in Google Scholar

Yu, P., Chang, D. W., Miller, M. J., Reece, G., Robb, G. L. (2009). Analysis of 49 cases of flap compromise in 1310 free flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Head Neck, 31 (1), 45–51.10.1002/hed.2092718972428Search in Google Scholar

Zellans, E., Ozolina, A., Lace, I., Strike, E., Daukste, M., Lacis, R. (2014). Impact of preoperative anaemia on outcome in elective on-pump cardiac surgery. Acta Chir. Latv., 14 (2), 3–7.10.1515/chilat-2015-0001Search in Google Scholar

Zhong, T., Neinstein, R., Massey, C., McCluskey, S., Lipa, J., Neligan, P., Hofer, S. O. P. (2011). Intravenous fluid infusion rate in microsurgical breast reconstruction: Important lessons learned from 354 free flaps. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 128 (6), 1153–1160.10.1097/PRS.0b013e318221da5621841531Search in Google Scholar