Methods for growth regulation of greenhouse produced ornamental pot- and bedding plants – a current review

Alexenizer M., Dorn A., 2007. Screening of medicinal and ornamental plants for insecticidal and growth regulating activity. J. Pest Sci. 80: 205-215.10.1007/s10340-007-0173-xSearch in Google Scholar

Alsanius B.W., Löfkvist K., Kritz G., Ratkic A., 2009. Reflection on reflection in action: a case study of growers conception of irrigation strategies in pot plant production. AI & Soc. 23: 545-558.10.1007/s00146-008-0183-0Search in Google Scholar

Álvarez S., Navarro A., Bañón S., Sánchez-Blanco M.J., 2009. Regulated deficit irrigation in potted Dianthus plants: Effects of severe and moderate water stress on growth and physiological responses. Sci. Hortic. 122: 579-585.10.1016/j.scienta.2009.06.030Search in Google Scholar

Autio J., Voipio I., Koivunen T., 1994. Responses of aster, dusty miller, and petunia seedlings to daily exposure to mechanical stress. HortScience 29: 1449-1452.10.21273/HORTSCI.29.12.1449Search in Google Scholar

Baas R., Brandts A., Straver N., 1993. Growth regulation of bedding plants and poinsettia using low phosphorus fertilization and ebb-and flow irrigation. Acta Hort. 378: 129-138.10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.17Search in Google Scholar

Bañón S., González A., Cano E.A., Franco J.A., Fernández J.A., 2002. Growth, development and colour response of potted Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Mondriaan to paclobutrazol treatment. Sci. Hortic. 94(3): 371-37710.1016/S0304-4238(02)00005-5Search in Google Scholar

Beel E., De Bruyn P., Frederick F., Lemeur R., 1997. Effects of different lighting strategies on the growth and development of Ficus benjamina. Acta Hort. 418: 37-44.10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.418.4Search in Google Scholar

Benton Jones J., 1998. Plant Nutrition Manual. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.Search in Google Scholar

Bergstrand K.-J., Asp H., Schüssler H.K., 2016. Growth control of ornamental and bedding plants by manipulation of photoperiod and light quality. Acta Hort. 1134: 33-40.10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1134.5Search in Google Scholar

Bertram L., 1992. Stem elongation of Dendranthema and tomato plants in relation to day and night temperatures. Acta Hort. 327: 61-70.10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.327.7Search in Google Scholar

Bhattacharya A., Kourmpetli S., Davey M.R., 2010. Practical applications of manipulating plant architecture by regulating gibberellin metabolism. J. Plant Growth Regul. 29: 249-256.10.1007/s00344-009-9126-3Search in Google Scholar

Cameron R., Wilkinson S., Davies W., Harrison-Murray R., Dunstan D., Burgess C., 2002. Regulation of plant growth in container-grown ornamentals through the use of controlled irrigation. Acta Hort. 630: 305-312.10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.630.38Search in Google Scholar

Caron J., Rivière L.-M., Charpentier S., Renault P., Michel J.-C., 2002. Using TDR to estimate hydraulic conductivity and air entry in growing media and sand. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 373-383.10.2136/sssaj2002.3730Search in Google Scholar

Carvalho S., Heuvelink E., Cascais R., Van Kooten O., 2002. Effect of day and night temperature on internode and stem length in chrysanthemum: is everything explained by DIF? Ann. Bot. 90: 111-118.10.1093/aob/mcf154423385812125764Search in Google Scholar

Casal J., Smith H., 1989. The function, action and adaptive significance of phytochrome in light‐grown plants. Plant Cell Environ.12: 855-862.10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01966.xSearch in Google Scholar

Cerny T.A., Faust J.E., Layne D.R., Rajapakse N.C., 2003. Influence of photoselective films and growing season on stem growth and flowering of six plant species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128: 486-491.10.21273/JASHS.128.4.0486Search in Google Scholar

Clifford S.C., Runkle E.S., Langton F.A., Mead A., Foster S.A., Pearson S., Heins R.D., 2004. Height control of poinsettia using photoselective filters. HortScience 39: 383-387.10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.383Search in Google Scholar

Cockshull K.E., Langton F.A., Cave C.R.J., 1995. Differential effects of different DIF treatments on Chrysanthemum and poinsettia. Acta Hort. 378: 15-25.10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.1Search in Google Scholar

Cuijpers L.H.M., Vogelezang J.V.M., 1992. DIF and temperature drop for short-day pot plants. Acta Hort. 327: 25-32.10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.327.3Search in Google Scholar

Cummings I.G., Foo E., Weller J.L., Reid J.B., Koutoulis A., 2008. Blue and red photoselective shadecloths modify pea height through altered blue irradiance perceived by the cry1 photoreceptor. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 83: 663-667.10.1080/14620316.2008.11512440Search in Google Scholar

Currey C.J., Lopez R.G., 2013. Cuttings of Impatiens, Pelargonium, and Petunia propagated under lightemitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps have comparable growth, morphology, gas exchange, and post-transplant performance. HortScience 48: 428-434.10.21273/HORTSCI.48.4.428Search in Google Scholar

Davis T.D., Skytt Andersen A., 1989. Growth retardants as aids in adapting new floricultural crops to pot culture. Acta Hort. 252: 77-85.10.17660/ActaHortic.1989.252.9Search in Google Scholar

Decoteau D.R., Friend H.H., 1991. Growth and subsequent yield of tomatoes following end-of-day light treatment of transplants. HortScience 26: 1528-1530.10.21273/HORTSCI.26.12.1528Search in Google Scholar

Evans L.T., Hendricks S.B., Borthwick H.A., 1965. The role of light in suppressing hypocotyl elongation in lettuce and Petunia. Planta 64: 201-218.10.1007/BF00394949Search in Google Scholar

Folta K.M., Childers K.S., 2008. Light as a growth regulator: controlling plant biology with narrowbandwidth solid-state lighting systems. HortScience 43: 1957-1964.10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.1957Search in Google Scholar

Garner L., Allen Langton F., Björkman T., 1996. Commercial adaptations of mechanical stimulation for the control of transplant growth. Acta Hort 435: 219-230.10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.435.21Search in Google Scholar

Garner L.C., Björkma n T., 1996. Mechanical conditioning for controlling excessive elongation in tomato transplants: sensitivity to dose, frequency, and timing of brushing. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121: 894-900.10.21273/JASHS.121.5.894Search in Google Scholar

Grindal G., Moe R., 1994. Effects of temperature-drop and a short dark interruption on stem elongation and flowering in Begonia hiemalis Fotsch. Sci. Hortic. 57: 123-132.10.1016/0304-4238(94)90040-XSearch in Google Scholar

Grindal G., Moe R., Junttila O., 1998. The role of gibberellin and phytochrome in DIF-mediated stem elongation, Acta Hort. 514: 205-212.10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.514.23Search in Google Scholar

Grindal Patil G., Moe R., 2009. Involvement of phytochrome B in DIF mediated growth in cucumber. Sci. Hortic. 122: 164-170.10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.014Search in Google Scholar

Hansen C., Nielsen K., 2001. Reduced phosphorus availability as a method to reduce chemical growth regulation and to improve plant quality. Plant Nutrition. Springer, pp. 314-315.10.1007/0-306-47624-X_151Search in Google Scholar

Hansen C.W., Petersen K.K., Larsen A.K., 2003. Effects of reduced nutrient and water availability on plant growth and post-production quality of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Acta Hort. 669: 269-274.10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.669.35Search in Google Scholar

Hatt Graham H.A., Decoteau D.R., 1995. Regulation of bell pepper seedling growth with end-of-day supplemental fluorescent light. HortScience 30: 487-489.10.21273/HORTSCI.30.3.487Search in Google Scholar

Hendriks L., Ueber E., 1995. Alternative methods of regulating the elongation growth of ornamental plants: a current assessment. Acta Hort. 378: 159-167.10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.20Search in Google Scholar

Ihlebekk H., Eilertsen S., Junttila S., Grindal G., Moe R., 1994. Control of plant height in Campanula isophylla by temperature alternations; involvement of GAs. Acta Hort. 394: 347-355.10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.394.38Search in Google Scholar

Islam M.A., 2013. Genetic engineering and light quality as tools to control shoot elongation in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ex Klotsch). Diss, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.Search in Google Scholar

Islam M.A., Kuwar G., Clarke J.L., Blystad D.R., Gislerød H.R., Olsen J.E., Torre S., 2012. Artificial light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a high portion of blue light results in shorter poinsettias compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Sci. Hortic. 147: 136-143.10.1016/j.scienta.2012.08.034Search in Google Scholar

Jacobsen L.H., Amsen M.G., 1990. The effect of temperature and light quality on stem elongation of chrysanthemum. Acta Hort. 305: 45-50.10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.305.5Search in Google Scholar

Jensen E., Eilertsen S., Ernsten A., Juntilla O., Moe R., 1996. Thermoperiodic control of stem elongation and endogenous gibberellins in Campanula isophylla. J. Plant Growth Regul. 15: 167-171.10.1007/BF00190580Search in Google Scholar

Khattak A.M., Pearson S., 2006. Spectral filters and temperature effects on the growth and development of chrysanthemums under low light integral. Plant Growth Regul. 49: 61-68.10.1007/s10725-006-0020-8Search in Google Scholar

Khattak A.M., Pearson S., Johnson C.B., 2004. The effects of far red spectral filters and plant density on the growth and development of chrysanthemums. Sci. Hortic. 102: 335-341.10.1016/j.scienta.2004.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Kresten Jensen H.E., 1994. Effects of duration and degree of pulse-DIF temperatures on plant height and flowering of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana v. Poelln. Sci. Hortic. 59: 45-54.10.1016/0304-4238(94)90090-6Search in Google Scholar

Langton F.A., Cockshull K.E., 1997. Is stem extension determined by DIF or by absolute day and night temperatures? Sci. Hortic. 69: 229-237.10.1016/S0304-4238(97)00020-4Search in Google Scholar

Latimer J.G., Mitchell C.A., 1988. Effects of mechanical stress or abscisic acid on growth, water status and leaf abscisic acid content of eggplant seedlings. Sci. Hortic. 36: 37-46.10.1016/0304-4238(88)90005-2Search in Google Scholar

Li S., Rajapakse N.C., Young R.E., 2003. Far-red light absorbing photoselective plastic films affect growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum cultivars. HortScience 38: 284-287.10.21273/HORTSCI.38.2.284Search in Google Scholar

Lykas C., Kittas C., Katsoulas N., 2008. Gardenia jasminoides height control using a photoselective polyethylene film. HortScience 43: 2027-2033.10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2027Search in Google Scholar

Lütken H., Sander Jensen L., Hovbye Topp S., Mibus H., Müller R., Rasmussen S.K., 2010. Production of compact plants by overexpression of AtSHI in the ornamental Kalanchoë. Plant Biotechnol. J. 8: 211-222.10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00478.x20051037Search in Google Scholar

Löfkvist K., Larsen R., Englund J.-E., Alsanius B., 2009. Light integral as an indicator of water use in commercial greenhouse nurseries. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B 59: 326-334.10.1080/09064710802154748Search in Google Scholar

Markvart J., Rosenqvist E., Aaslyng J.M., Ottosen C.-O., 2010. How is canopy photosynthesis and growth of Chrysanthemum affected by diffuse and direct light? Europ. J. Hort. Sci 75(6): 253-258Search in Google Scholar

Mata D.A., Botto J.F., 2009. Manipulation of light environment to produce high-quality Poinsettia plants. HortScience 44: 702-706.10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.702Search in Google Scholar

McMahon M.J., Kelly J.W., 1990. Influence of spectral filters on height, leaf chlorophyll, and flowering of Rosa x hybrida ’Meirutral’. J. Environ. Hort. 8: 209-211.10.24266/0738-2898-8.4.209Search in Google Scholar

Mibus H., Hoff K., Serek M., 2014. Ethanol treatment induces compact growth in Kalanchoë. Sci. Hortic. 168: 234-239.10.1016/j.scienta.2014.01.032Search in Google Scholar

Miller W.B., Hammer P.A., Kirk T.I., 1993. Reversed greenhouse temperatures alter carbohydrate status in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 118: 736-740.10.21273/JASHS.118.6.736Search in Google Scholar

Miralles-Crespo J., Sánches-Blanco M.J., Navarro G.A., Martínez-Sánches J.J., Franco L.J.A., Bañón A.S., 2010. Comparison of stem diameter variations in three small ornamental shrubs under water stress. HortScience 45(11):1681-1689.10.21273/HORTSCI.45.11.1681Search in Google Scholar

Moe R., 1990. Effect of day and night temperature alternations and of plant growth regulators on stem elongation and flowering of the long-day plant Campanula isophylla Moretti. Sci. Hortic. 43: 291-305.10.1016/0304-4238(90)90100-SSearch in Google Scholar

Moe R., Glomsrud N., Bratberg I., Valsø S., 1992. Control of plant height in Poinsettia by temperature drop and graphical tracking. Acta Hort. 327: 41-48.10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.327.5Search in Google Scholar

Moe R., Willumsen K., Ihlebekk I.H., Stupa A.I., Glomsrud N.M., Mortensen L.M., 1995. DIF and temperature drop responses in SDP and LDP, a comparison. Acta Hort. 378: 27-33.10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.2Search in Google Scholar

Morgan D., Smith H., 1979. A systematic relationship between phytochrome-controlled development and species habitat, for plants grown in simulated natural radiation. Planta 145: 253-258.10.1007/BF00454449Search in Google Scholar

Morgan D.C., Smith H., 1976. Linear relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and growth in plants under simulated natural radiation. Nature 262: 210-21210.1038/262210a0Search in Google Scholar

Morrow R.C., 2008. LED Lighting in Horticulture. HortScience 43: 1947-1950.10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.1947Search in Google Scholar

Mortensen L.M., 2014. The effect of photon flux density and lighting period on growth, flowering, powdery mildew and water relations of miniature roses. Amer. J. Plant Sci. 5: 1813-1818.10.4236/ajps.2014.513194Search in Google Scholar

Mortensen L.M., Strømme E., 1987. Effects of light quality on some greenhouse crops. Sci. Hortic. 33: 27-36.10.1016/0304-4238(87)90029-XSearch in Google Scholar

Myster J., Junttila O., Lindgaard B., Moe R., 1997. emperature alternations and the influence of gibberellins and indoleacetic acid on elongation growth and flowering of Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch. Plant Growth Regul. 21: 135-144.Search in Google Scholar

Nelson P.V., 1998. Greenhouse operation and management. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River., USA.Search in Google Scholar

Neto A.E.F., Boldrin K.V.F., Mattson N.S., 2015. Nutrition and quality in ornamental plants. Ornamental Horticulture 21(2): 139-15010.14295/aohl.v21i2.809Search in Google Scholar

Norcini J.G., Hudson W.G., Garber M.P., Jones R.K., Chase A.R., Bondari K., 1996. Pest management in the US greenhouse and nursery industry: III. Plant Growth Regul. HortTechnology 6: 207-210.10.21273/HORTTECH.6.3.207Search in Google Scholar

Ottosen C.-O., Rosenqvist E., Aaslyng J.M., Jakobsen L., 2004. Dynamic climate control in combination with average temperature control saves energy in ornamentals. Acta Hort. 691: 133-140.10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.691.14Search in Google Scholar

Oyaert E., Volckaert E., Debergh P.C., 1995. Growth of Chrysanthemum under coloured plastic films with different light qualities and quantities. Sci. Hortic. 79: 105-205.10.1016/S0304-4238(98)00207-6Search in Google Scholar

Parker M.W., Borthwick H.A., Rappleye L.E. 1950. Photoperiodic responses of poinsettia. Florist’s Exchange, 115(20):11, 49-50.Search in Google Scholar

Poorter H., Bühler J., van Dusschoten D., Climent J., Postma J.A., 2012. Pot size matters: a meta-analysis of the effects of rooting volume on plant growth. Functional Plant Biology 39: 839-850.10.1071/FP1204932480834Search in Google Scholar

Rademacher W., 2015. Plant growth regulators: Backgrounds and uses in plant production. J. Plant Growth Regul. 34: 845-87210.1007/s00344-015-9541-6Search in Google Scholar

Rademacher W., Bucci T., 2002. New plant growth regulators: High risk investment? HortTechnology 12: 64-67.10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.64Search in Google Scholar

Rajapakse N.C., Kelly J.W., 1995. Spectral filters and growing season influence growth and carbohydrate status of Chrysanthemum. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci 120: 78-83.10.21273/JASHS.120.1.78Search in Google Scholar

Runkle E.S., Heins R.D., 2001. Specific functions of red, far red, and blue light in flowering and stem extension of long-day plants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126: 275-282.10.21273/JASHS.126.3.275Search in Google Scholar

Runkle E.S., Padhye S.R., Oh W., Getter K. 2012. Replacing incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps may delay flowering. Sci. Hortic. 143:56-61.10.1016/j.scienta.2012.05.028Search in Google Scholar

Sager J., Smith H., Edwards J., Cyr K. 1988. Photosynthetic efficiency and phytochrome photoequilibria determination using spectral data. Trans. ASABE (Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng.) 31: 1882-1889.10.13031/2013.30952Search in Google Scholar

Sánchez-Blanco M.J., Álvarez S., Navarro A., Bañón S., 2009. Changes in leaf water relations, gas exchange, growth and flowering in potted geranium plants irrigated with different water regimes. J. Plant. Physiol. 166:467-476.10.1016/j.jplph.2008.06.015Search in Google Scholar

Schum A., 2003. Mutation breeding in ornamentals: an efficient breeding method? Acta Hort. 612: 47-60.10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.612.6Search in Google Scholar

Schüssler H.K., Bergstrand K.J., 2012. Control of the shoot elongation in bedding plants using extreme short day treatments. Acta Hort. 956: 409-415.10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.956.48Search in Google Scholar

Schüssler H.K., Kosiba A., 2006. Effects of extreme short-day treatment (ESD) on the development and appearance of Calibrachoa hybr. Cerv. and Scaevola saligna G. Forst. Acta Hort. 711: 297-300.10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.711.40Search in Google Scholar

Skytt Andersen A., Andersen L., 2000. Growth regulation as a necessary prerequisite for introduction of new plants. Acta Hort. 541: 183-192.10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.541.26Search in Google Scholar

Starkey K.R., Andersson N.E., 2000. Effects of light and nitrogen supply on the allocation of dry matter and calcium in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 75: 251-258.10.1080/14620316.2000.11511232Search in Google Scholar

Tangerås H., 1979. Modifying effects of ancymidol and gibberellins on temperature induced elongation in Fuchsia × hybrida. Acta Hort. 91: 411-417.10.17660/ActaHortic.1979.91.50Search in Google Scholar

Tantau H.-J., 1998. Energy saving potential of greenhouse climate control. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 48: 93-101.10.1016/S0378-4754(98)00145-1Search in Google Scholar

Tatineni A., Rajapakse N.C., Fernandez T., Rieck J.R., 2000. Effectiveness of plant growth regulators under photoselective greenhouse covers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci 125: 673-678.10.21273/JASHS.125.6.673Search in Google Scholar

Teixeira da Silva J.A., 2004. Ornamental chrysanthemums: improvement by biotechnology. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 79: 1-18.10.1023/B:TICU.0000049444.67329.b9Search in Google Scholar

van Haeringen C.J., West J.S., Davis F.J., Gilbert A., Hadley P., Pearson S., Wheldon A.E., Henbest R.G.C., 1998. The development of solid spectral filters for the regulation of plant growth. Photochem. Photobiol. 67: 407-413.10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05219.xSearch in Google Scholar

van Ieperen W., 2012. Plant morphological and developmental responses to light quality in a horticultural context. Acta Hort. 956: 131-139.10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.956.12Search in Google Scholar

Vince-Prue D., 1977. Photocontrol of stem elongation in light-grown plants of Fuchsia hybrida. Planta 133: 149-156.10.1007/BF00391913Search in Google Scholar

Warrington I., Norton R., 1991. An evaluation of plant growth and development under various daily quantum integrals. J. Americ. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: 544-551.10.21273/JASHS.116.3.544Search in Google Scholar

Went F.W., 1944. Plant growth under controlled conditions. II. Thermoperiodicity in Growth and Fruiting of the Tomato. Am. J. Bot. 31(3): 135-150.10.1002/j.1537-2197.1944.tb08011.xSearch in Google Scholar

Xiong J., Grindal Patil G., Moe R., 2002. Effects of DIF and end-of-day light quality on stem elongation in Cucumis sativus. Sci. Hortic. 94: 219-229.10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00002-XSearch in Google Scholar

Yamaguchi S., 2008. Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 225-251.10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.09280418173378Search in Google Scholar

Yang Z.-C., Kubota C., Chia P.-L., Kacira M., 2012. Effect of end-of-day far red light from a movable LED fixture on squash rootstock hypocotyl elongation. Sci. Hortic. 136: 81-86.10.1016/j.scienta.2011.12.023Search in Google Scholar