Characteristic | | | | | |
Maternal age (years) | 31.2 (range, 14–51) | NA | | 28.6 (range, 14–48) | |
Apgar score (1/5 min, median) | 9/10 | NA | | 9/10 | |
Birth weight (g) | 3,052.2 (range, 535–5,320) | NA | | 2,989.67 (range, 680–5,020) | |
Mode of delivery (CS/NVD, %) | 49/49 | NA | | 43/56 | |
Lower extremities | | | | | |
Clubfoot | | | | | |
Postural clubfoot | 1.37 | NA | NA | 30.9 | <0.001 |
Idiopathic clubfoot | 0.48 | 1.2 | 0.004 | 2.1 | 0.001 |
Syndromic clubfoot | 0.12 | NA | NA | 0.3 | 0.43 |
Calcaneovalgus | 0.93 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 60 | <0.001 |
Metatarsus adductus | 0.4 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 7.6 | <0.001 |
DDH | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0.94 | 0 | 0.18 |
Hip dislocation (neurogenic or syndromic) | 0.12 | NA | NA | 0.6 | 0.06 |
Polydactyly | 0.16 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 1.2 | 0.001 |
Syndactyly | NA | 0.25 | NA | 0.3 | NA |
Upper extremities | | | | | |
Polydactyly | 1.1 | 0.95 | 0.62 | 0.6 | 0.39 |
Syndactyly | NA | 0.4 | NA | 0.6 | NA |
Birth-related injuries | | | | | |
Clavicular fracture | 1.3 | 2 | 0.052 | 0.3 | 0.103 |
BPI | 1.05 | 1 | 0.821 | 1.5 | 0.483 |
Clavicular fracture associated with BPI | 0.24 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Clavicular fracture associated with phrenic nerve injury | 0.04 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Femoral shaft fracture | 0.04 | NA | NA | NA | NA |