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Figure 1

Characteristics of renal pathology and renal injury in rat model of tubulointerstitial (TI) fibrosis induced by a single injection of folic acid (FA) intraperitoneally. Renal injury was demonstrated by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (A), creatinine clearance (Cr clearance) (B), and urine volume (C), n = 5-7/time point. *P < 0.01 for FA-treated vs. vehicle (Veh)-treated rats at the same time point. Representative Masson trichrome staining with the original magnification at 200 x of left kidney of a Veh-treated control (left column), 1 week after FA treatment (middle column) and 2 weeks after FA treatment (right column (D). In the sections from rats treated with FA after 1 week (middle panels), extensive infiltration by mononuclear cells demonstrated areas of tubular inflammation (indicated with thin arrows). The prominent blue stained areas in the sections from rats treated with FA after 2 weeks (right panels) revealed the presence of TI fibrosis (indicated with thick arrows). Scale bar 200 μm. Comparison of the semiquantitative estimation of TI injury (n = 3-5/group) (E). *P < 0.01 for FA-treated vs. Veh-treated rats at the same time point. Proteinuria levels between FA and Veh control rats were not different (F).
Characteristics of renal pathology and renal injury in rat model of tubulointerstitial (TI) fibrosis induced by a single injection of folic acid (FA) intraperitoneally. Renal injury was demonstrated by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (A), creatinine clearance (Cr clearance) (B), and urine volume (C), n = 5-7/time point. *P < 0.01 for FA-treated vs. vehicle (Veh)-treated rats at the same time point. Representative Masson trichrome staining with the original magnification at 200 x of left kidney of a Veh-treated control (left column), 1 week after FA treatment (middle column) and 2 weeks after FA treatment (right column (D). In the sections from rats treated with FA after 1 week (middle panels), extensive infiltration by mononuclear cells demonstrated areas of tubular inflammation (indicated with thin arrows). The prominent blue stained areas in the sections from rats treated with FA after 2 weeks (right panels) revealed the presence of TI fibrosis (indicated with thick arrows). Scale bar 200 μm. Comparison of the semiquantitative estimation of TI injury (n = 3-5/group) (E). *P < 0.01 for FA-treated vs. Veh-treated rats at the same time point. Proteinuria levels between FA and Veh control rats were not different (F).

Figure 2

Western blot analysis of urinary exosomes from 24 h urine collection in a folic acid (FA) induced rat model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Exosomes were isolated from urine of rats at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment with either vehicle (Veh) or FA. Urinary exosome samples from individual rats were analyzed for exosome marker proteins, ALIX and TSG101, by western blotting (A) and subsequent densitometric analysis (B and C). Urinary exosome samples were loaded based on time-normalization (see Methods). *P < 0.01 for FA-injected vs. Veh-injected rats.
Western blot analysis of urinary exosomes from 24 h urine collection in a folic acid (FA) induced rat model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Exosomes were isolated from urine of rats at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment with either vehicle (Veh) or FA. Urinary exosome samples from individual rats were analyzed for exosome marker proteins, ALIX and TSG101, by western blotting (A) and subsequent densitometric analysis (B and C). Urinary exosome samples were loaded based on time-normalization (see Methods). *P < 0.01 for FA-injected vs. Veh-injected rats.

Figure 3

Venn diagram showing the proportional distribution of proteins identified among the three exosome samples. A total of 372 proteins were identified, including 134 proteins that were common to all three exosome samples, and 27, 16, and 79 proteins that were unique to exosomes from the individual samples (Veh-treated, and FA-treated at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, and 3 rats in each group).
Venn diagram showing the proportional distribution of proteins identified among the three exosome samples. A total of 372 proteins were identified, including 134 proteins that were common to all three exosome samples, and 27, 16, and 79 proteins that were unique to exosomes from the individual samples (Veh-treated, and FA-treated at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, and 3 rats in each group).

Figure 4

Western blot analysis confirming liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry results for clusterin in urinary exosomes from a folic acid (FA) induced rat model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Exosomes were isolated from the urine of rats at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment with either vehicle or FA. Urinary exosome samples from individual rats were analyzed for clusterin by western blotting (A) and subsequent densitometric analysis (B). Urinary exosome samples were loaded based on time-normalization (see Methods). *P < 0.01 for FA-injected vs. vehicle-injected rats.
Western blot analysis confirming liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry results for clusterin in urinary exosomes from a folic acid (FA) induced rat model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Exosomes were isolated from the urine of rats at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment with either vehicle or FA. Urinary exosome samples from individual rats were analyzed for clusterin by western blotting (A) and subsequent densitometric analysis (B). Urinary exosome samples were loaded based on time-normalization (see Methods). *P < 0.01 for FA-injected vs. vehicle-injected rats.

Annexin family proteins identified in rat urine exosomes

RefSeq numberProtein nameNormalized spectral counts
Vehicle1 week post-FA2 weeks post-FA
Group 1: found in relatively moderate abundance in all 3 samples
NP_001011918.1Annexin A115691111
NP_077069.3Annexin A450419
NP_063970.1Annexin A2187429
Group 2: found in low abundance and only in some samples
XP_001071546.1PREDICTED: similar to Annexin A10960
NP_037036.1Annexin A1660
XP_001068572.1PREDICTED: similar to annexin A13603
NP_569100.1Annexin A72132
Group 3: found in moderate abundance only in exosome samples from FA-treated rats
NP_037264.1Annexin A506947

Comparison of the most abundant proteins (estimated from normalized spectral counts) identified in urine exosomal samples from vehicle-treated rats and rats 1 and 2 weeks after folic acid (FA) treatment.

Ref. Sequence numberProtein nameNormalized spectral counts
Vehicle1 week post-FA2 weeks post-FA
Top 20 most abundant proteins in vehicle sample
NP_954887.1Cystatin-related protein 2 precursor602216403
NP_061998.1Probasin precursor373243446
NP_446292.1Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1

Membrane protein abundantly/predominantly expressed in the kidney

282308192
NP_598306.1Common salivary protein 1195132333
NP_037025.1Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle191226314
NP_037347.1Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 3187324
NP036740.1Neprilysin

Membrane protein abundantly/predominantly expressed in the kidney

181101269
NP_001002807.1Chloride intracellular channel protein 11786275
NP_113902.1Ribonuclease UK1141755166
NP_036767.1Anionic trypsin-1 precursor175362443
NP_058778.1Uromodulin precursor

Membrane protein abundantly/predominantly expressed in the kidney

16070318
NP_112274.1Aminopeptidase N precursor

Membrane protein abundantly/predominantly expressed in the kidney

153109218
NP_058912.1Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT

Membrane protein abundantly/predominantly expressed in the kidney

15247132
NP_037315.1Meprin A subunit beta precursor1151780
NP_997476.1Prostatic steroid-binding protein C211220531
NP_036947.1Glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit105017
NP_001005889.2Radixin1013984
NP_543180.1ADP-ribosylation factor 3995039
NP_036850.1Cystatin-related protein 1 precursor9797608
NP_059001.1Glutamate–cysteine ligase regulatory subunit95718
Top 20 most abundant proteins in sample 1 w post-FA treatment (unique to FA samples, absent from vehicle sample)
NP_071964.2Alpha-1-antiproteinase precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

075178
NP_037264.1Annexin A5

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

06947
XP_001055138.1PREDICTED: similar to putative breast adenocarcinoma marker0320
NP_444180.2Clusterin precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

03122
XP_001055585.1PREDICTED: similar to grancalcin0230
NP_01025081.1Programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (ALIX)02110
NP_476487.1Complement component C9 precursor0160
NP_068611.1Histone H2A type 40158
NP_599153.1Albumin01513
NP_620796.1Galectin-3-binding protein precursor0147
NP_058821.1CD63 antigen0138
NP_059055.2Ras-related protein Rab-10

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

01025
NP_001019475.1Glutathione S-transferase Mu 4099
NP_803435.1Prostatic steroid-binding protein C1 precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

0918
NP_001004236.1Tetraspanin-1084
NP_071605.2Complement decay-accelerating factor precursor085
NP_073204.1Transglutaminase 4 (prostate)076
NP_446145.1Cyclin-D-binding Myb-like transcription factor 1070
NP_036638.1Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3073
NP_01013087.1PCTP-like protein070
Top 20 most abundant proteins in sample 2 w post-FA treatment (unique to FA samples, absent from vehicle sample)
NP_071964.2Alpha-1-antiproteinase precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

075178
NP_037264.1Annexin A5

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

06947
XP_001070423.1PREDICTED: hypothetical protein0045
NP_788265.1S100 calcium-binding protein, ventral prostate0033
XP_01055098.1PREDICTED: similar to carbonyl reductase 30429
XP_001068139.1PREDICTED: hypothetical protein0027
NP_067599.1Myoglobin0026
NP_059055.2Ras-related protein Rab-10

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

01025
NP_445937.1Protein S100-A60022
NP_444180.2Clusterin precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

03122
NP_037245.1ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 1 polypeptide0720
NP_803435.1Prostatic steroid-binding protein C1 precursor

Absent in control exosome sample, and present in both 1-week (inflammation) and 2-week (fibrosis) exosome samples from FA-treated rats

0918
NP_001020832.1Protein crumbs homolog 3 precursor0018
NP_112313.1Macrophage migration inhibitory factor0017
XP_01060853.1PREDICTED: similar to ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal
Accessory protein 20016
NP_036792.2Elongation factor 1-alpha 20215
NP_001013169.1Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-140014
NP_446316.1Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase0214
NP_071636.1Brain acid soluble protein 10014
NP_068512.1Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 precursor0013
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