Socioeconomic and lifestyle determinants of blood glucose screening in Malaysia
and | Jan 31, 2017
About this article
Article Category: Brief communication (Original)
Published Online: Jan 31, 2017
Page range: 683 - 690
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.440
Keywords
© 2015 Yong Kang Cheah, Hock Kuang Lim
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Results of the logistic regression analysis of using blood sugar test (n = 2415)
| Variables | Estimated Coefficient | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | –4.08 | 0.365 | – | – | <0.001 |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.005 | 1.05 | 1.03–1.06 | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | –0.02 | 0.114 | 0.98 | 0.79–1.23 | 0.880 |
| Female | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 0.33 | 0.154 | 1.40 | 1.03–1.89 | 0.030 |
| Unmarried | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 0.23 | 0.098 | 1.25 | 1.04–1.52 | 0.020 |
| Non-Malay | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Education | |||||
| Tertiary | 0.08 | 0.203 | 1.09 | 0.73–1.62 | 0.680 |
| Secondary | 0.18 | 0.115 | 1.20 | 0.96–1.51 | 0.110 |
| Primary | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Income | |||||
| High | 1.11 | 0.294 | 3.03 | 1.70–5.38 | <0.001 |
| Upper-middle | 0.86 | 0.171 | 2.36 | 1.69–3.29 | <0.001 |
| Lower-middle | 0.32 | 0.110 | 1.38 | 1.11–1.71 | 0.0030 |
| Low | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Location of residence | |||||
| Urban | –0.14 | 0.099 | 0.87 | 0.72–1.06 | 0.160 |
| Rural | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Family diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 0.18 | 0.112 | 1.20 | 0.96–1.49 | 0.110 |
| No | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Smoker | |||||
| Yes | –0.37 | 0.143 | 0.69 | 0.52–0.91 | 0.009 |
| No | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||||
| Obese | 0.68 | 0.234 | 1.97 | 1.25–3.12 | 0.004 |
| Overweight | 0.62 | 0.223 | 1.86 | 1.20–2.89 | 0.005 |
| At-risk | 0.46 | 0.239 | 1.58 | 0.99–2.52 | 0.060 |
| Normal | 0.45 | 0.226 | 1.56 | 1.00–2.43 | 0.048 |
| Underweight | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| LR χ2 (16) | 160.02 | – | – | – | < 0.001 |
| HL χ2 (8) | 10.58 | – | – | – | 0.230 |
| Correct prediction (%) | 72.8% |
Descriptive analysis of variables (n = 2,415)
| Variables | Definition | n (%), or mean (SD) For age, the values refer to mean (standard deviation). For other variables, the values refer to sample size (percentage). | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose screening | |||
| Yes | Used blood sugar test in the last 12 months | 663 (27.5) | |
| No | Did not use blood sugar test in the last 12 months | 1752 (72.5) | |
| Age | Age (in years) | 43.2 (10.48) For age, the values refer to mean (standard deviation). For other variables, the values refer to sample size (percentage). | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Gender is male | 988 (40.9) | |
| Female | Gender is female | 1427 (59.1) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | Marital status is married | 2089 (86.5) | |
| Unmarried | Marital status is single/divorced/widowed | 326 (13.5) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay | Ethnicity is Malay | 1337 (55.4) | |
| Non-Malay | Ethnicity is non-Malay | 1078 (44.6) | |
| Education | |||
| Tertiary | Education level is tertiary | 211 (8.7) | |
| Secondary | Education level is secondary | 1266 (52.4) | |
| Primary | Education level is primary | 938 (38.8) | |
| Income | |||
| High | Monthly household income is ≥RM6000 | 58 (2.4) | |
| Upper-middle | Monthly household income is RM3000–5999 | 232 (9.6) | |
| Lower-middle | Monthly household income is RM1000–2999 | 907 (37.6) | |
| Low | Monthly household income is ≤RM999 | 1218 (50.4) | |
| Location of residence | |||
| Urban | Urban dweller | 1224 (50.7) | |
| Rural | Rural dweller | 1191 (49.3) | |
| Family diabetes | |||
| Yes | Immediate family members have diabetes | 553 (22.9) | |
| No | Immediate family members do not have diabetes | 1862 (77.1) | |
| Smoker | |||
| Yes | Being a smoker | 515 (21.3) | |
| No | Being a non-smoker | 1900 (78.7) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||
| Obese | BMI ≥30 | 425 (17.6) | |
| Overweight | 25 ≤ BMI ≤ 29.9 | 732 (30.3) | |
| At-risk | 23 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9 | 383 (15.9) | |
| Normal | 18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 22.9 | 700 (29.0) | |
| Underweight | BMI ≤ 18.4 | 175 (7.3) | |