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Interstitial Lung Disease in Rare Congenital Syndromes


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Congenital multisystem disorders manifesting with DLD

Disease (phenotype) MIM number Chromosomal location Gene/locus Inheritance Pulmonary involvement
COPA syndrome; autoimmune interstitial lung, joint, and kidney disease (AILJK) #616414 1q23.2 COPA Autosomal dominant DLD, haemorrhage, lymphocytic interstitial infiltration, ground-glass opacities on X-ray (8) DAH, DPLD (100% cases) (9)
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (1, 2, 4) #203300, #608233, #614073 10q24.2, 5q14.1, 22q12.1 HPS1, AP3B1, HPS4 Autosomal recessive Restrictive lung disease, recurrent infections, pulmonary fibrosis has been described largely in affected individuals from northwestern Puerto Rico (10); typically manifesting in the early 30s
Chitayat syndrome (CHYTS) #617180 19q13.2 ERF Autosomal dominant Respiratory distress at birth, bronchomalacia and (or) tracheomalacia, complicated by recurrent severe respiratory infections, obstructive pulmonary disease, ILD (11)
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKCA, DC), including Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson syndrome and Revesz syndrome #613990, #613989, #127550, #305000 14q12, 5p15.33, 3q26.2, Xq28 TINF2, TERT, TERC, DKC1 Autosomal dominant (TINF2, TERT, TERC); Autosomal recessive (TERT); X-linked (DKC1) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (12) DC should be considered in young persons with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (13)
Brain–lung–thyroid syndrome (BLTS); choreoathetosis and congenital hypothyroidism with or without pulmonary dysfunction (CAHTP) #610978 14q13.3 NKX2-1 Autosomal dominant ILD, neonatal respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis (14)
Interstitial lung and liver disease (ILLD) #615486 12q13.3 MARS Autosomal recessive ILD, lung fibrosis, pulmonary artery malformation (15); pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (16)
Neurodevelopmental disorder with brain, liver and lung abnormalities (NEDBLLA); Rajab syndrome #618007 2q36.1 FARSB Autosomal recessive (Autosomalnie recesywne) ILD (usually starts at the upper lobes), cholesterol pneumonitis (17)
- (reported in one patient so far) - (reported once) 2q36.2 FARSA Autosomal recessive ILD with cholesterol pneumonitis, growth delay, hypotonia, brain calcifications with cysts and liver dysfunction (18)
Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS) #305400 Xp11.22 FGD1 X-linked recessive ILD reported once (19)
Chromosome deletion syndrome, including 14q11-q22 region 14q11-q22 Contiguous gene deletion Isolated cases Heterogeneous phenotype, depending on the size, but, mostly, on the genes located within the deleted region
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