An investigation of a waterborne outbreak caused by microbiological contamination of the drinking water supply system

Bridge JW, Oliver DM, Chadwick D, Godfray HC, Heathwaite AL, Kay D, et al. Engaging with the water sector for public health benefits: waterborne pathogens and diseases in developed countries. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 873-5.10.2471/BLT.09.072512297150621076571Search in Google Scholar

Poullis DA, Attwell RW, Powell SC. The characterization of waterborne-disease outbreaks. Rev Environ Health 2005; 20: 141-9.Search in Google Scholar

Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, et al. A massive waterborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through a public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161-7.10.1056/NEJM1994072133103047818640Search in Google Scholar

Reynolds KA, Mena KD, Gerba CP. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2008; 192: 117-58.10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_4712010118020305Search in Google Scholar

Beaudeau P, de Valk H, Vaillant V, Mannschott C, Tillier C, Mouly D, et al. Lessons learned from ten investigations of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks, France, 1998-2006. J Water Health 2008; 6: 491-503.10.2166/wh.2008.05118401114Search in Google Scholar

Craun GF, Brunkard JM, Yoder JS, Roberts VA, Carpenter J, Wade T, et al. Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23 : 507-28.10.1128/CMR.00077-09290165420610821Search in Google Scholar

Yoder J, Roberts V, Craun GF, Hill V, Hicks LA, Alexander NT, et al, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking-United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 2008; 57: 39-62.Search in Google Scholar

Inštitut za varovanje zdravja RS. Epidemiološko spremljanje nalezljivih bolezni v Sloveniji - letna poročila. (Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable Diseases in Slovenia. Annual reports). Accessed on 20. 4. 2011 from: http://www.ivz.si/Mp.aspx?ni=105&pi=5&_5_id=788&_5_PageIndex=0&_5_groupId=155&_5_newsCategory=&_5_action=ShowNewsFull&pl=105-5.0Search in Google Scholar

National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia. Communicable Disease Centre. SURVIVAL - Slovenian national database for epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases. Accessed on 7. 6. 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Pravilnik o pitni vodi. Uradni list Republike Slovenije št. 19/2004. Accessed on 29. 11. 2011 from: http://zakonodaja.gov.si/rpsi/r03/predpis_PRAV3713.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Kopilović B, Ucakar V, Koren N, Krek M, Kraigher A. Waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a costal area in Slovenia in June and July 2008. Euro Surveill 2008; 13: pii: 18957.10.2807/ese.13.34.18957-en18761889Search in Google Scholar

Gallay A, De Valk H, Cournot M, Ladeuil B, Hemery C, Castor C, et al. A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, France, 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 561-70.10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01441.x16700706Search in Google Scholar

Leclerc H, Schwartzbrod L, Dei-Cas E. Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2002; 28: 371-409.10.1080/1040-84029104676812546197Search in Google Scholar

Räsänen S, Lappalainen S, Kaikkonen S, Hämäläinen M, Salminen M, Vesikari T. Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak. Epidemiol Infect 2010: 1-8.10.1017/S095026880999167120092670Search in Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water — United States, 2003-2004 and Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Waterand Water not Intended for Drinking — United States, 2003-2004. Surveillance Summaries, December 22. MMWR 2006; 55(SS-12).Search in Google Scholar

Gutiérrez MF, Alvarado MV, Martínez E, Ajami NJ. Presence of viral proteins in drinkable water-sufficient condition to consider water a vector of viral transmission? Water Res 2007; 41: 373-8.10.1016/j.watres.2006.09.02217084879Search in Google Scholar

Jakopanec I, Borgen K, Vold L, Lund H, Forseth T, Hannula R, et al. A large waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Norway: the need to focus on distribution system safety. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 128.10.1186/1471-2334-8-128256732418816387Search in Google Scholar

Nygård K, Vold L, Halvorsen E, Bringeland E, Røttingen JA, Aavitsland P. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a religious summer camp in Norway, 2002. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 223-9.10.1017/S0950268803001894287009715061496Search in Google Scholar

Carrique-Mas J, Andersson Y, Petersén B, Hedlund KO, Sjögren N, Giesecke J. A norwalk-like virus waterborne community outbreak in a Swedish village during peak holiday season. Epidemiol Infect 2003; 131: 737-44.10.1017/S0950268803008604287001512948374Search in Google Scholar

Hrudey SE, Hrudey EJ, Pollard SJ. Risk management for assuring safe drinking water. Environ Int 2006; 32: 948-57.10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.00416839605Search in Google Scholar

Nygård K, Wahl E, Krogh T, Tveit OA, Bøhleng E, Tverdal A, et al. Breaks and maintenance work in the water distribution systems and gastrointestinal illness: a cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36: 873-80.10.1093/ije/dym02917389718Search in Google Scholar