<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination (<italic>keju</italic>) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of <italic>keju</italic> played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a <italic>wen</italic>-version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti-physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor.</p></abstract>

Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination (keju) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of keju played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a wen-version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti-physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor.

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination

National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taiwan

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical...

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination

Published Online: Jun 21, 2011

Page range: 80 - 90

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0004-x

Keywords
China, confucianism, gentleman, physical culture, civil service examination

This content is open access.

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination

Published Online: Jun 21, 2011

Page range: 80 - 90

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0004-x

KeywordsChina, confucianism, gentleman, physical culture, civil service examination

This content is open access.

Keywords
China, confucianism, gentleman, physical culture, civil service examination