Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage

Aalto, T., Jalkanen, R. 1998. The needle trace method. (Neulasjälkimentelmä). - Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja. (Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Paper), 681, 1-36. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Alfaro, R. I., Van Sickle; G. A., Thomson, A. J., Wegwitz, E. 1982. Tree mortality and radial growth losses caused by the western spruce budworm in a Douglas-fir stand in British Columbia. - Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 12, 780-787.Search in Google Scholar

Armour, H., Straw, N., Day, K. 2003. Interactions between growth, herbivory and long-term foliar dynamics of Scots pine. - Trees, 17, 70-80.Search in Google Scholar

Clark, J. 1961. Photosynthesis and respiration in white spruce and balsam fir. State University of New York, College of Forestry, Syracuse, NY. 72 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Diwani, S. A., Millar, C. S. 1987. Pathogenicity of three Lophodermium species on Pinus sylvestris L. - European Journal of Forest Pathology, 17, 53-58.Search in Google Scholar

Drenkhan, R., Hanso, M. 2006. Alterations of Scots pine needle characteristics after severe weather conditions in South-Eastern Estonia. - Aktuelt fra skogforskningen, 1, 69-74.Search in Google Scholar

Drenkhan, R., Kurkela, T., Hanso, M. 2006. The relationship between the needle age and the growth rate in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris): a retrospective analysis by needle trace method (NTM). - European Journal of Forest Research, 125, 397-405.Search in Google Scholar

Ericsson, A., Larsson, S., Tenow, O. 1980. Effects of early and late season defoliation on growth and carbohydrate dynamics in Scots pine. - Journal of Applied Ecology, 17, 747-769.Search in Google Scholar

Hanso, M. 1970. Fütopatoloogiline aspekt männiokaste aastaringses varisemises. (The phytopathological aspect of year-round pine needle cast). - Metsanduslikud Uurimused / Forestry Studies, 8, 260-274. (In Estonian).Search in Google Scholar

Hanso, M., Hanso, S. 2001. Männi-pudetõve puhang. (Epidemic of Lophodermium seditiosum). - Eesti Mets. (Estonian Forest), 4-6, 22-23. (In Estonian).Search in Google Scholar

Honkanen, T., Haukioja, E., Kitunen, V. 1999. Responses of Pinus sylvestris branches to simulated herbivory are modified by tree sink/source dynamics and by external resources. - Functional Ecology, 13, 126-140.Search in Google Scholar

Insinna, P., Jalkanen, R., Götz, B. 2007a. Climate impact on 100-year foliage chronologies of Scots pine and Ponderosa pine in the northeast lowlands of Brandenburg, Germany. - Silva Fennica, 41(4), 605-620.10.14214/sf.271Search in Google Scholar

Insinna, P. A., Schmitt, U., Wuehlisch, G., von Seo, J.-W., Gutschmidt, C., Götz, B. 2007b. Comparative investigation on wood formation dynamics of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. et C. Laws, in draught year 2003. (Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Holzbildungsdynamik von Pinus sylvestris L. und Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex C. Laws. im Trockenjahr 2003). - Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 178, 50-55. (In German).Search in Google Scholar

Jach, M. E., Ceulemans, R. 2000. Effects of season, needle age and elevated atmospheric CO₂ on photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). - Tree Physiology, 20,145-157.Search in Google Scholar

Jalkanen, R. 1998. Fluctuation in the number of needle sets and needle shed in Pinus sylvestris. - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 13, 284-291.Search in Google Scholar

Jalkanen, R., Aalto, T., Kurkela, T. 1994. The use of needle trace method (NTM) in retrospectively detecting Lophodermella needle-cast epidemics. - European Journal of Forest Pathology, 24, 376-385.Search in Google Scholar

Jalkanen, R., Aalto, T., Kurkela, T. 1995. The development of needle retention in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in 1957-1991 in northern and southern Finland. - Trees, 10, 125-133.Search in Google Scholar

Kellomäki, S., Oker-Blom, P. 1983. Canopy structure and light climate in a young Scots pine stand. - Silva Fennica, 17, 1-21.Search in Google Scholar

Kowalski, T. 1982. Fungi infecting Pinus sylvestris needles of various ages. - European Journal of Forest Pathology, 12,182-190.Search in Google Scholar

Kulman, H. M. 1971. Effects of insect defoliation on growth and mortality of trees. - Annual Review of Entomology, 16, 289-324.Search in Google Scholar

Kurkela, T. 1979. Association of Lophodermium seditiosum Minter et al. with a needle cast epidemic on Scots pine. (Lophodermium seditiosum Minter et al. sienen esiintyminen männynkaristeen yhteydessä). - Folia Forestalia, 393, 1-11. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Kurkela, T. 1980. Conifer canker disease and forest management. (Männynversosyöpä ja metsäviljely). - Metsätutkimuslaitos, Metsänviljelyn Koeaseman Tiedonantoja, 35, 33-41. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Kurkela, T. 1981. Growth reduction in Douglas fir caused by Rhabdocline needle cast. - Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 102, 1-16.Search in Google Scholar

Kurkela, T., Aalto, T., Varama, M., Jalkanen, R. 2005. Defoliation by the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini) and subsequent growth reduction in Scots pine: a retrospective approach. - Silva Fennica, 39(4), 467-480.10.14214/sf.360Search in Google Scholar

Kurkela, T., Jalkanen, R. 1990. Revealing past needle retention in Pinus spp. - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 5, 481-485.Search in Google Scholar

Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A. 2002. Transpiration response to soil moisture in pine and spruce tree in Sweden. - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 112, 67-85.Search in Google Scholar

Långström, B., Annila, E., Hellquist, C., Varama, M., Niemelä, P. 2001. Tree mortality, needle biomass recovery and growth losses in Scots pine following defoliation by Diprion pini (L.) and subsequent attack by Tomicus piniperda (L.). - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 342-353.Search in Google Scholar

Leikola, M. 1969. The influence of environmental factors on the diameter growth of forest trees. - Acta Forestalia Fennica, 69, 1-144.Search in Google Scholar

Linzon, S. N. 1958. The effect of artificial defoliation of various ages of leaves upon white pine growth. - Forestry Chronicle, 34, 51-56.Search in Google Scholar

Loach, K., Little, C. H. A. 1973. Production, storage, and use of photosynthate during shoot elongation in balsam fir (Abies balsamea). - Canadian Journal of Botany, 51, 1161-1168.Search in Google Scholar

Lõhmus, E. 2004. Eesti metsakasvukohatüübid. (Estonian forest site types). Tartu, EPMÜ Metsanduslik Uurimisinstituut, Eesti Loodusfoto. 80 pp. (In Estonian).Search in Google Scholar

Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, P., Niemelä, P., Annila, E. 2003. Growth responses and mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) after pine sawfly outbreak. - Kamata, N., Liebhold, A. M., Quiring, D. T., Clancy, K. N. (eds.) Forest insect population dynamics and host influences. Proceedings of the joint meeting of IUFRO working groups 7.01.02, 7.03.06, and 7.03.07, Japan, September 14-19, 2003. Kanazawa, Kanazawa Citymonde Hotel, 81-85.Search in Google Scholar

Millard, P., Hester, A., Wendler, R., Baillie, G. 2001. Interspecific defoliation responses of trees depend on sites of winter nitrogen storage. - Functional Ecology, 15, 535-543.Search in Google Scholar

Muukkonen, P. 2005. Needle biomass turnover rates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) derived from the needle-shed dynamics. - Trees, 19, 273-279.Search in Google Scholar

Nambiar, E. K. S., Fife, D. N. 1987. Growth and nutrient translocation in needles of radiata pine in relation to nitrogen supply. - Annals of Botany, 60, 147-156.Search in Google Scholar

Oleksyn, J., Tjoelker, M. G., Lorenc-Plucińska, G., Konwińska, A., Żytkowiak, R., Karolewski, P., Reich, P. B. 1997. Needle CO₂ exchange, structure and defence traits in relation to needle age in Pinus heldrichii Christ. - a relict of Tertiary flora. - Trees, 12, 82-89.Search in Google Scholar

O'Neil, L. C. 1962. Some effects of artificial defoliation on the growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). - Canadian Journal of Botany, 40, 273-280.Search in Google Scholar

Pensa, M., Jalkanen, R. 2005. Variation in needle longevity is related to needle fascicle production rate in Pinus sylvestris. - Tree Physiology, 25, 1265-1271.Search in Google Scholar

Pensa, M., Sellin, A. 2003. Soil type affects nitrogen conservation in foliage of small Pinus sylvestris L. trees. - Plant and Soil, 253, 321-329.Search in Google Scholar

Piene, H. 1989. Spruce budworm defoliation and growth loss in young balsam fir: defoliation in spaced and unspaced stands and individual tree survival. - Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 19, 1211-1217.Search in Google Scholar

Piene, H., MacLean, D. A., Landry, M. 2003. Spruce budworm defoliation and growth loss in young balsam fir: relationships between volume growth and foliage weight in spaced and unspaced, defoliated and protected stands. - Forest Ecology and Management, 179, 37-53.10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00484-XSearch in Google Scholar

Pichler, P., Oberhuber, W. 2007. Radial growth response of coniferous forest trees in an inner Alpine environment to heat-wave in 2003. - Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 688-699.Search in Google Scholar

Plattner, K., Volgger, W., Oberhuber, W., Mayr. S., Bauer, H. 1999. Dry mass production in seedlings of Norway spruce infected by the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri. - European Journal of Forest Pathology, 29, 365-370.Search in Google Scholar

Reich, B. R., Oleksyn, J., Modrzynsky, J., Tjoelker, M. G. 1996. Evidence that longer needle retention of spruce and pine populations at high elevations and high latitudes is largely a phenotypic response. - Tree Physiology, 16, 643-647.10.1093/treephys/16.7.64314871702Search in Google Scholar

Renninger, H. J., Gartner, B. L., Grotta, A. T. 2006. No correlation between latewood formation and leader growth in Douglas-fir saplings. - IAWA Journal, 27, 183-191.Search in Google Scholar

Ross, J., Kellomäki, S., Oker-Blom, P., Ross, V., Vilikainen, L. 1986. Architecture of Scots pine crown: phytometrical characteristics of needles and shoots. - Silva Fennica, 20, 91-105.Search in Google Scholar

Schoettle, A. W. 1990. The interaction between leaf longevity and shoot growth and foliar biomass per shoot in Pinus contorta at two elevations. - Tree Physiology, 7, 209-214.Search in Google Scholar

Sepp, R. 1959. The amount and composition of litter in alvar forest. - Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. Biology Series, 1, 39-57. (In Russian with German summary).Search in Google Scholar

Snedecor, W. S., Cochran, W. G. 1968. Statistical methods. Ames, Iowa, U. S.A, The Iowa State University Press. 593 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Straw, N. A., Fielding, N. J., Green, G., Price, J. 2005. Defoliation and growth loss in young Sitka spruce following repeated attack by the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker). - Forest Ecology and Management, 213, 349-368.Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan, J. H., Bovard, B. D., Middleton, E. M. 1997. Variabilyty of leaf-level CO₂ and water fluxes in Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana in Saskatchewan. - Tree Physiology, 17, 553-561.Search in Google Scholar

SYSTAT 2000. Statistics I and II, version 10, SPSS Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Van Sickle, G. A. 1974. Growth loss caused by a needle rust (Pucciniastrum goeppertianum) of balsam fir. - Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 4, 138-140.Search in Google Scholar

Williams, D. T., Straw, N. A., Day, K. R. 2003. Defoliation of Sitka spruce by the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig): a retrospective analysis using the needle trace method. - Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 5, 235-245.Search in Google Scholar

Wühlisch, G., von, Stephan, B. R. 1986. Development of the progeny of Schleswig-Holstein Plus free withered trees of Pinus sylvestris L. under the age of 33 years. (Entwicklung der Nachkommenschaften frei abgeblühter schleswig-holsteinischer Plusbäume von Pinus sylvestris L. bis zum Alter von 33 Jahren). - Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 157, 117-124. (In German).Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, Y. 2003. Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales. - Tree Physiology, 23, 463-471.Search in Google Scholar

Zha, T., Wang, K.-Y., Ryyppö, A., Kellomäki, S. 2002. Impact of needle age on the response of respiration in Scots pine to long-term elevation of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. - Tree Physiology, 22, 1241-1248.10.1093/treephys/22.17.124112464577Search in Google Scholar

Zierl, B. 2004. A simulation study to analyse the relations between crown condition and drought in Switzerland. - Forest Ecology and Management, 188, 25-38.Search in Google Scholar