Genetic Variability Associated with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene Polymorphism in Sportsmen Pursuing Different Sports

Agerholm-Larsen, B., Nordestgaard, B.G., Tybjerg-Hansen, A. (2000). ACE gene polymorphism in cardiovascular disease meta-analyses of small and large studies in whites. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20, 484--492.10.1161/01.ATV.20.2.484Search in Google Scholar

Collins, M., Xenophontos, S.L., Cariolou, M.A., Mokone, G.G., Hudson, D.E., Anastasiades, L., and Noakes, T.D. (2004). The ACE gene and endurance performance during the South African Ironman Triathlons. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36, 13.Search in Google Scholar

Crisan, D., Carr, J. (2000). Angiotensin I-converting enzyme: Genotype and disease associations. J. Mol. Diag., 2(3), 105--115.Search in Google Scholar

Folland, J., Leach, B., Little, T., Hawker, K., Myerson, S., Montgomery, H., Jones, D. (2000). Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects the response of human skeletal muscle to functional overload. Exp. Physiol., 85, 575--579.10.1111/j.1469-445X.2000.02057.xSearch in Google Scholar

Gayagay, G., Yu, B., Hambly, B., Boston, T., Hahn, A., Celermajer, D.S., Trent, R.J. (1998). Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele: The role of genes in athletic performance. J. Hum. Genet., 103, 48--50.10.1007/s004390050781Search in Google Scholar

Guo, S.V., Thompson, E.A. (1992). Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics, 48, 361--372.10.2307/2532296Search in Google Scholar

Karjalainen, J., Kujala, U.M., Stolt, A., Mäntysaari, M., Viitasalo, M., Kainulainen, K., Kontula, K. (1999). Angiotensin gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 34, 494--499.Search in Google Scholar

Mathew, J., Basheeruddin, K., Prabhakar, S. (2001). Differences in frequency of the deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in different ethnic groups. J. Angiology, 52(6), 375--379.10.1177/000331970105200602Search in Google Scholar

Mayer, N.J., Forsyth, A., Kantachuvesiri, S., Mullins, J.J., Fleming, S. (2002). Association of the D allele of the angiotensin I converting enzyme polymorphism with malignant vascular injury. J. Clin. Pathol., 55(1), 29--33.10.1136/mp.55.1.29Search in Google Scholar

Montgomery, H.E., Marshall, R., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C., Hayward, M., Holliman, D.E., Jubb, M., World, M., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Saeed, N., Barnard, M., Bell, J.D., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Talmud P.J., and Humphries, S.E. (1998). Human gene for physical performance. Nature, 393, 221--222.10.1038/30374Search in Google Scholar

Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89, 583--590.10.1093/genetics/89.3.583Search in Google Scholar

Ohno, H., Kizaki, T., Suzuki, K., Hitomi, Y., Nakano, N., Sakurai, T., Ogiwara, R., Sakurai, T., Izawa, T., Noguchi, I., Nagasawa, J., Ohnuki, Y., Takemasa, T., Nukita, M., and Haga, S. (2005). Is angiotensin I-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism associated with endurance performance and/or high altitude adaptation? Adv. Exerc. Sports Physiol., 11(2), 41--54.Search in Google Scholar

Ohno, T., Kawazu, S., Tomono, S. (1996). Association analyses of the polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen genes with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Metabolism, 45, 218--222.10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90057-8Search in Google Scholar

Park, S.D.E. (2001). Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Ph.D. thesis, University of Dublin.Search in Google Scholar

Rankinen, T., Wofarth, B., Simoneau, J. A., Maier-Lenz, D., Rauramaa, R., Rivera, M. A., Boulay, M. R., Chagnon, Y. C., Perusse, L., Keul, J., Bouchard, C. (2000). No association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme ID polymorphism and elite endurance athlete status. J. Appl. Physiol., 88, 1571--1575.10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.157110797114Search in Google Scholar

Scanavini, D., Bernardi, F., Castoldi, E., Conconi, F. and Mazzoni, G. (2002). Increased frequency of the homozygous II ACE genotype in Italian Olympic endurance athletes. Eur. J. Hum. Gen., 10, 576--577.10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200852Search in Google Scholar

Schunkert, H., Hense, H.W., Holmer, S. R., Stender, M., Perz, S., Keil, U.,. Lorell, B.H., and Riegger, G. (1994). Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. New. Eng. J. Med., 330,1634--1638.10.1056/NEJM199406093302302Search in Google Scholar

Šventoraitytė, J., Venskaitytė, E., Poderytė, K., Paulauskas, A. (2006). Angiotenziną konvertuojančio fermento geno polimorfizmo sąsajos su širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos funkcijos ypatybėmis [The angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism's association with peculiarities of cardiovascular function]. Sporto Mokslas, 46(4), 65--69 (in Lithuanian).Search in Google Scholar

Swofford, D.L., Selander, R.B. (1997). BIOSYS-2: A Computer Program for the Analysis of Allelic Variation on Population Genetic and Biochemical Systematics. Colorado State University. Champaign: Illinois Natural History survey.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, R.R., Mamotte, C.D., Fallon, K., Van Bockxmeer, F.M. (1999). Elite athletes and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme. J. Appl. Physiol., 87, 1035--1037.10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1035Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, W.R., Binder-Macleod, S.A. (2006). Association of Genetic Factors with Selected Measures of Physical Performance. Phys. Ther., 86(4), 585--591.10.1093/ptj/86.4.585Search in Google Scholar

Tsianos, G., Sanders, J., Dhamrait, S., Humphries, S., Grant, S., Montgomery, H. (2004). The ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and elite endurance swimming. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 92, 360--362.10.1007/s00421-004-1120-7Search in Google Scholar

Williams, A.G., Dhamrait, S.S., Wootton, P.T.E., Day, S.H., Hawe, E., Payne, J.R., Myerson, S.G., World, M., Budgett, R., Humphries, S.E., Montgomery, H.E. (2004). Bradykinin receptor gene variant and human physical performance. J. Appl. Physiol., 96, 938--942.10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2003Search in Google Scholar

Woods, D.R., Humphries, S.E., Montgomery, H.E. (2000). The ACE I/D polymorphism and human physical performance. J. Trends Endocr. Metab., 11, 416--420.10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00310-6Search in Google Scholar

Yang, G., Wan, Y., Zhu, Y. (1996). Angiotensin II --- an important stress hormone. J. Biol. Sign. 5(1), 1--8.10.1159/0001091688739318Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, B., Tanaka, H., Shono, N., Miura, S., Kiyonaga, A., Shindo, M., Saku, K. (2003). The I allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with an increased percentage of slow-twitch type I fibers in human skeletal muscle. Clin. Genet., 63(2),139--144.10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00029.x12630962Search in Google Scholar