Epidemiologic and Clinical Differences Between Classic and Hypertrophic Lichen Planus in Nigeria

1. Black MM. Lichen planus and lichenoid disorders. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG, Rook AJ, Wilkinson DS. Textbook of dermatology. Vol. 3. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992. p. 1675.Search in Google Scholar

2. Boyd AS, Neldner KH. Lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25(4):593-619.10.1016/0190-9622(91)70241-S1791218Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Usatine RP, Tinitigan M. Diagnosis and treatment of lichen planus. Am Fam Physician. 2011:84(1):53-60.Search in Google Scholar

4. Katta R. Lichen planus. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(8): 1786. Erratum for: Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(11):3319-24.Search in Google Scholar

5. Weston G, Payette M. Update on lichen planus and its clinical variants. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2015;1(3):140-9.10.1016/j.ijwd.2015.04.001541887528491978Search in Google Scholar

6. Lukács J, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions as a systemic disease. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(5):512-9.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.05.00126321396Search in Google Scholar

7. Pickert A. Concise review of lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses. Cutis. 2012;90(3):E1-3.Search in Google Scholar

8. Jaime TJ, Jaime TJ, Guaraldi Bde M, Melo DF, Jeunon T, Lerer C. Disseminated hypertrophic lichen planus: relevant response to acitretin. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(4 Suppl 1):S96-9.10.1590/S0365-0596201100070002522068783Search in Google Scholar

9. Alomari A, McNiff JM. The significance of eosinophils in hypertrophic lichen planus. J Cutan Pathol. 2014;41(4): 347-52.2432578010.1111/cup.1227524325780Search in Google Scholar

10. Levandoski KA, Nazarian RM, Asgari MM. Hypertrophic lichen planus mimicking squamous cell carcinoma: the importance of clinicopathologic correlation. JAAD Case Rep. 2017;3(2):151-4.2837400110.1016/j.jdcr.2017.01.020536779028374001Search in Google Scholar

11. Totonchy MB, Leventhal JS, Ko CJ, Leffell DJ. Hyper-trophic lichen planus and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma: a diagnostic conundrum. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(11):1466-70.10.1097/DSS.000000000000146529360655Search in Google Scholar

12. Dietert JB, Rabkin MS, Joseph AK. Squamous cell carcinoma versus hypertrophic lichen planus; a difficult differential diagnosis of great significance in approach to treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(2):297-9.10.1097/DSS.000000000000088628165351Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Nnoruka EN. Lichen planus in African children: a study of 13 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007:24(5):495-8.10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00501.x17958794Search in Google Scholar

14. Alabi GO, Akinsanya TB. Lichen planus in tropical Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1981;33(2):143-7.Search in Google Scholar

15. Daramola OO, Ogunbiyi AO, George AO. Lichen planus following hepatitis B vaccination in an African girl. Trop Doct. 2002;32(2):117-8.10.1177/00494755020320022711933900Search in Google Scholar

16. Daramola OO, Ogunbiyi AO, George AO. Evaluation of clinical types of cutaneous lichen planus in anti-hepatitis C virus seronegative and seropositive Nigerians patients. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(12):933-5.10.1111/j.1365-4632.2003.01715.xSearch in Google Scholar

17. Daramola OO, George AO, Ogunbiyi AO. Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus in Nigerians: any relationship? Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(4):217-9.10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01465.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using 4-amino phenazone as oxygen carrier acceptor. J Clin Pathol. 1969;22(2):246-50.10.1136/jcp.22.2.246-bOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Searcy RL. Quantitative determination of triglycerides by enzymatic endpoint colorimetric method. In: Searcy RL. Diagnostic biochemistry. New York: McGraw Hill; 1969. p. 115-21.Search in Google Scholar

20. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974;20(4):470-5.10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470Search in Google Scholar

21. Burstein M, Mortin R. Quantitative determination of HDL-cholesterol using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Life Sci. 1969;8:345-7.10.1016/0024-3205(69)90056-3Search in Google Scholar

22. Friedewald WT, Levy RJ, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultra-centrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499-502.10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499Search in Google Scholar

23. Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97.10.1001/jama.285.19.248611368702Search in Google Scholar

24. Bilgili SG, Karadag AS, Ozkol HU, Calka O, Akdeniz N. The prevalence of skin diseases among the geriatric patients in eastern Turkey. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(6):535-9.Search in Google Scholar

25. Kyriakis KP, Terzoudi S, Palamaras I, Michailides C, Emmanuelidis S, Pagana G. Sex and age distribution of patients with lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(5):625-6.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01513.x16684307Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol. 2000; 27(9):576-82.10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02232.x11052233Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Nakamura R, Broce AA, Palencia DP, Ortiz NI, Leverone A. Dermatoscopy of nail lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(6):684-7.10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05283.x23432149Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Daoud MS, Gibson LE, Daoud S, el-Azhary RA. Chronic hepatitis C and skin diseases: a review. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1995;70(6):559-64.10.4065/70.6.5597776716Search in Google Scholar

29. Jubert C, Pawlotsky JM, Pouget F, Andre C, DeForges L, Bretagne S, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus-related chronic active hepatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(1):73-6.10.1001/archderm.1994.01690010077011Search in Google Scholar

30. Birkenfeld S, Dreiher J, Weitzman D, Cohen AD. A study on the association with hepatitis B and hepatitis C in 1557 patients with lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(4):436-40.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03809.x20666875Search in Google Scholar

31. Song J, Zhang Z, Ji X, Su S, Liu X, Xu S, et al. Lack of evidence of hepatitis in patients with oral lichen planus in China: a case-control study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016;21(2):e161-8.10.4317/medoral.20812478879426827059Search in Google Scholar

32. Arias-Santiago S, Buendía-Eisman A, Aneiros-Fernández J, Girón-Prieto MS, Gutiérrez-Salmerón MT, Mellado VG, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with lichen planus. Am J Med. 2011;124(6):543-8.10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.12.02521605731Search in Google Scholar

33. Arias-Santiago S, Buendía-Eisman A, Aneiros-Fernández J, Girón-Prieto MS, Gutiérrez-Salmerón MT, Garcıa-Mellado V, et al. Lipid levels in patients with lichen planus: a case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(12):1398-401.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03983.x21348899Search in Google Scholar

34. Seyhan M, Ozcan H, Sahin I, Bayram N, Karincaoğlu Y. High prevalence of glucose metabolism disturbance in patients with lichen planus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(2):198-202.10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.01617275122Search in Google Scholar

35. Lu R, Zhang J, Sun W, Du G, Zhou G. Inflammation-related cytokines in oral lichen planus: an overview. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015;44(1):1-14.10.1111/jop.1214224329772Search in Google Scholar

36. Petrou-Amerikanou C, Markopoulos AK, Belazi M, Karamitsos D, Papanayotou P. Prevalence of oral lichen planus in diabetes mellitus according to the type of diabetes. Oral Dis. 1998;4(1):37-40.10.1111/j.1601-0825.1998.tb00253.x9655043Search in Google Scholar

37. Romero MA, Seoane J, Varela-Centelles P, Diz-Dios P, Garcia-Pola MJ. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst oral lichen planus patients. Clinical and pathological characteristics. Med Oral. 2002;7(2):121-9.Search in Google Scholar

38. Mehta NN, McGillicuddy FC, Anderson PD, Hinkle CC, Shah R, Pruscino L, et al. Experimental endotoxemia induces adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes. 2010;59(1):172-81.10.2337/db09-0367279791919794059Search in Google Scholar

39. Krasowska D, Kozłowicz K, Kowal M, Kurylcio A, Budzyńska-Włodarczyk J, Polkowski W, et al. Twice malignant transformation of hypertrophic lichen planus. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):787-9.Search in Google Scholar