<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>The paper evaluates the effectiveness of reinforcing a damaged earth structure with making counterfort drains in its slope. The system of counterfort drains changed the soil properties significantly over a long-term use. The evaluation was based on many years of field and laboratory tests and stability analysis. The field tests concerned the observation of <italic>N <sub>WST</sub></italic> probing resistance change, and the laboratory tests concerned the change in soil consistency and water content. The paper presents the results of tests that were conducted over 13 years.</p></abstract>

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of reinforcing a damaged earth structure with making counterfort drains in its slope. The system of counterfort drains changed the soil properties significantly over a long-term use. The evaluation was based on many years of field and laboratory tests and stability analysis. The field tests concerned the observation of N WST probing resistance change, and the laboratory tests concerned the change in soil consistency and water content. The paper presents the results of tests that were conducted over 13 years.

Effectiveness of reinforcing an earth structure with a system of counterfort drains over a long-term use

Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of reinforcing a damaged earth structure with making counterfort drains in its slope. The system of counterfort drains...

Properties	Depth [m]	Years
		2004	2007	2009	2011	2013	2015	2017
Water content, w [%]	0.5	38.13	33.81	30.74	29.64	29.01	30.17	28.13
	2.0	34.14	31.41	30.78	30.06	29.42	30.20	28.46
Plastic limit, w_P [%]	0.5	24.74	24.05	24.17	24.06	24.63	24.24	24.24
	2.0	24.87	24.15	24.12	23.98	23.98	25.04	24.26
Liquid limit, w_L [%]	0.5	51.15	51.02	50.44	50.57	49.65	51.07	51.11
	2.0	50.60	50.84	50.65	51.21	49.85	48.96	50.05

Geotechnical layer	Volumetric weight, γ [kN/m³]	Cohesion, c_u [kPa]	Angle of internal friction, ϕ_u [°]
II (sasiCl/Cl, I_L = 0.15)	20.8	45.0	9.9
III (Co and sasiCl/Cl, I_L = 0.05)	20.6	46.8	10.8
IV (Carpathian flysch)	22.0	63.0	36.0
V (municipal waste)	11.0	10.8	19.8
VI (organic soil)	16.0	13.0	3.2

Properties	Years
	2004	2007	2009	2011	2013	2015	2017
Liquidity index, I_L	0.36, C	0.27, C	0.25, C	0.22, C	0.21, C/B	0.22, C/B	0.16, C/B
Unit weight, γ [kN/m³]	20.0	20.0	20.0	21.0	21.0	21.0	21.0
Cohesion, c_u [kPa]	12.0	14.0	15.0	17.0	24.0	23.0	26.0
Angle of internal friction, ϕ_u [°]	12.0	13.5	14.0	14.5	16.5	16.3	17.5

Effectiveness of reinforcing an earth structure with a system of counterfort drains over a long-term use

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jan 04, 2019

Page range: 244 - 253

Received: May 25, 2018

Accepted: Nov 16, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0040

Keywords
counterfort drain, landslide, geotechnical monitoring, slope stability analysis, weight sounding test (WST), soil laboratory tests

© 2018 Sebastian Olesiak, Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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Laboratory test results in successive years (mean values from three boreholes).

Parameters of the geotechnical layers used in the stability calculations [26, 27].

Retaining embankment soil parameters by liquidity index IL used in the stability calculations.

Effectiveness of reinforcing an earth structure with a system of counterfort drains over a long-term use

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jan 04, 2019

Page range: 244 - 253

Received: May 25, 2018

Accepted: Nov 16, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0040

Keywordscounterfort drain, landslide, geotechnical monitoring, slope stability analysis, weight sounding test (WST), soil laboratory tests

© 2018 Sebastian Olesiak, Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Laboratory test results in successive years (mean values from three boreholes).

Parameters of the geotechnical layers used in the stability calculations [26, 27].

Retaining embankment soil parameters by liquidity index IL used in the stability calculations.

Keywords
counterfort drain, landslide, geotechnical monitoring, slope stability analysis, weight sounding test (WST), soil laboratory tests