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Concrete surface evaluation based on the reflected TLS laser beam’s intensity image classification

Janina Zaczek-Peplinska
Janina Zaczek-Peplinska
 and 
Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak
Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak
   | Jul 27, 2018
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Jul 27, 2018
Page range: 56 - 64
Received: Oct 16, 2017
Accepted: Jan 13, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0008
Keywords
© 2018 Janina Zaczek-Peplinska, Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Ecker Dam. (a) Photograph of the structure and (b) results of laser scanning with Leica C10 of downstream surface – station 501 (image of intensity).
Ecker Dam. (a) Photograph of the structure and (b) results of laser scanning with Leica C10 of downstream surface – station 501 (image of intensity).

Figure 2

Ecker Dam: (a) example of survey markers/planar targets/signs distribution (station 501) and (b) survey position locations.
Ecker Dam: (a) example of survey markers/planar targets/signs distribution (station 501) and (b) survey position locations.

Figure 3

Selected fragments of Ecker Dam surface: (a) east section (station 501) and (b) west section (station 505).
Selected fragments of Ecker Dam surface: (a) east section (station 501) and (b) west section (station 505).

Figure 4

Results of unsupervised classification of intensity value using ISODATA algorithm, Ecker Dam, station 501: (a) Scanner Leica C10, pixel 5 mm × 5 mm; (b) scanner Z+F 5006 h, pixel 5 mm × 5mm; (c) integrated data, pixel 5 cm × 5 cm; (d) integrated data, pixel 10 cm × 10 cm (fragment) clearly visible/legible separate surface areas of concrete surface filled with different material (red colour) and clear concrete (yellow and orange colours).
Results of unsupervised classification of intensity value using ISODATA algorithm, Ecker Dam, station 501: (a) Scanner Leica C10, pixel 5 mm × 5 mm; (b) scanner Z+F 5006 h, pixel 5 mm × 5mm; (c) integrated data, pixel 5 cm × 5 cm; (d) integrated data, pixel 10 cm × 10 cm (fragment) clearly visible/legible separate surface areas of concrete surface filled with different material (red colour) and clear concrete (yellow and orange colours).

Figure 5

Reference fields Intensity images (with Leica C10, station 501): (a) reference fields marked on the concrete dam’s wall and (b) image of intensity of the reference fields.
Reference fields Intensity images (with Leica C10, station 501): (a) reference fields marked on the concrete dam’s wall and (b) image of intensity of the reference fields.

Figure 6

Classes 1 and 2 histograms (station 501, scanner Leica C10): X-axis – registered values range; Y-axis – occurrence number for sample area. (a) Class 1 – clean concrete; and (b) Class 2 – concrete covered with mosses to a small extent.
Classes 1 and 2 histograms (station 501, scanner Leica C10): X-axis – registered values range; Y-axis – occurrence number for sample area. (a) Class 1 – clean concrete; and (b) Class 2 – concrete covered with mosses to a small extent.

Figure 7

The areas indicated for preservation in station 505: (a) area highlighted with yellow colour was defined using supervised classification results, classes defined as follows: 2 – Class I (clean concrete), 4 – Class II (concrete covered with mosses to small extent), 6 – Class V (infill areas or significant surface erosion);and (b) area designated for preservation marked onthe visible spectrum image.
The areas indicated for preservation in station 505: (a) area highlighted with yellow colour was defined using supervised classification results, classes defined as follows: 2 – Class I (clean concrete), 4 – Class II (concrete covered with mosses to small extent), 6 – Class V (infill areas or significant surface erosion);and (b) area designated for preservation marked onthe visible spectrum image.

Figure 8

Areas indicated for cleaning in station 505: (a) area highlighted with magenta was defined using supervised classification results, classes indicated analogically to Figure 7, and (b) area designated for preservation marked on the visible spectrum image.
Areas indicated for cleaning in station 505: (a) area highlighted with magenta was defined using supervised classification results, classes indicated analogically to Figure 7, and (b) area designated for preservation marked on the visible spectrum image.

Differences in class identification.

FieldsStation 501
Leica C10Z+F 5006h
1Class IClass I
2Class I-
3Class IIClass II
4Class IIClass II
5Class V-
6Class V-
7Class IIClass I
8Class V-
9Class I-

Selected reference fields for stations 501 and 505.

ClassDescriptionReference fields
Station 501
1Clean concrete1, 2
2Concrete covered with mosses to a lower extent3, 4, 7
3Concrete covered with mosses to a higher extent-
4Concrete covered with mosses9
5Infill areas with material of different properties (such as. cement)5, 6, 8

Comparison of statistical parameters, characterising reference samples – Ecker Dam.

ClassSample fields/referenceDescriptionIMinimumMaximumMeanStandard deviationDominant (range of values)
Ecker Dam – Leica C10 – Station 501
12Clean concreteI

Registered Intensity value in standardised sample

−1,630−1,274−1,427.4236.05−1,455 to −1,397
Iavg5

Average Intensity for 5 cm × 5 cm

−1,456−1,396−1,425.6014.38−1,440 to −1,409
Iavg10

Average Intensity for 10 cm × 10 cm

−1,455−1,403−1,427.0011.68−1,435 to −1,418
24Concrete covered with mosses to a small extentI

Registered Intensity value in standardised sample

−1,643−1,207−1,415.9145.10−1,461 to −1,378
Iavg5

Average Intensity for 5 cm × 5 cm

−1,452−1,351−1,415.3419.75−1,429 to −1,392
Iavg10

Average Intensity for 10 cm × 10 cm

−1,441−1,389−1,412.7712.83−1,423 to −1,403
3-Concrete covered with mosses to a high extentNot designated
4−Concrete covered with mossesIdentification error caused by significant surface dampness
56Infill areas with material of different properties (such as cement)I

Registered Intensity value in standardised sample

−1,403−1,311−1,357.2118.69−1,380 to −1,332
Iavg5

Average Intensity for 5 cm × 5 cm

−1,442−1,299−1,358.2630.58−1,366 to −1,340
Iavg10

Average Intensity for 10 cm × 10 cm

−1,380−1,322−1,350.2018.26−1,357 to −1,353
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