[[1] European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report 2018: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019.]Search in Google Scholar
[[2] EMCDDA. Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. A review of the monitoring of drug-related acute emergencies in 30 European countries, Technical report, Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; 2014.]Search in Google Scholar
[[3] Volkow ND. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction; Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.]Search in Google Scholar
[[4] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National estimates of drug-related emergency department visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.]Search in Google Scholar
[[5] de Millas W, Haasen C, Reimer J, Eiroa-Orosa FJ, Schaefer I. Emergencies related to cocaine use: a European multicentre study of expert interviews. Eur J Emerg Med 2010;17(1):33–6.10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32832d047619491693]Search in Google Scholar
[[6] Gomez C, Rueda C, Calfa M, de Marchena E, Alfonso C, Mendoza C et al. Prevalence of traditional risk factors and clinical outcome of ST segment elevation myocar-dial infarction associated with cocaine use. Circulation 2014;130(Suppl A):19704A.]Search in Google Scholar
[[7] Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2001;103(4):502–6.10.1161/01.CIR.103.4.502]Search in Google Scholar
[[8] Kozor R, Grieve SM, Buchholz S, Kaye S, Darke S, Bhindi R et al. Regular cocaine use is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, aortic stiffness and left ventricular mass in young otherwise healthy individuals. PLoS ONE 2014;9(4):e89710.10.1371/journal.pone.0089710398167024717541]Search in Google Scholar
[[9] Elkassabany NM. Should we delay surgery in the patient with recent cocaine use? In: Fleisher LA, 2nd ed. Evidence Based Practice of Anesthesiology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 44–48.10.1016/B978-1-4160-5996-7.00008-0]Search in Google Scholar
[[10] Schwartz BG, Rezkalla S, Kloner RA. Cardiovascular effects of cocaine. Circulation 2010;122:2558–69.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.94056921156654]Search in Google Scholar
[[11] Afonso L, Mohammad T, Thatai D. Crack whips the heart: a review of the cardiovascular toxicity of cocaine. Am J Cardiol 2007;100(6):1040–3.10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.04917826394]Search in Google Scholar
[[12] Bachi K, Mani V, Jeyachandran D, Fayad ZA, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N. Vascular disease in cocaine addiction. Atherosclerosis 2017;262:154–62.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.019575737228363516]Search in Google Scholar
[[13] Havakuk O, Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70(1):101–13.10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.01428662796]Search in Google Scholar
[[14] Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2018;40(3):237–69.10.1093/eurheartj/ehy46230165617]Search in Google Scholar
[[15] Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. Cocaine-induced Acute Myocar-dial Infarction. Clin Med Res 2007;5(3):172–6.10.3121/cmr.2007.759211140518056026]Search in Google Scholar
[[16] McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, de Lemos JA, Cercek B, Hsue P et al. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association acute cardiac care committee of the council on clinical cardiology. Circulation 2008;117(14):1897–907.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.18895018347214]Search in Google Scholar
[[17] Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, Fairweather P, DiS-ano MJ, Schumb DA et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of cocaine-associated chest pain. Cocaine Associated Chest Pain (COCHPA) Study Group. Acad Emerg Med 1994;1(4):330–9.10.1111/j.1553-2712.1994.tb02639.x7614278]Search in Google Scholar
[[18] Finkel JB, Marhefka GD. Rethinking cocaine-associated chest pain and acute coronary syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86(12):1198–207.10.4065/mcp.2011.0338322862122134939]Search in Google Scholar
[[19] Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL et al. ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2017;38(3):143–53.10.1093/eurheartj/ehw149]Search in Google Scholar
[[20] Lindahl B, Baron T, Erlinge D, Hadziosmanovic N, Nordenskjöld A, Gard A et al. Medical Therapy for Secondary Prevention and Long-Term Outcome in Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation 2017;135(16):1481–9.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.02633628179398]Search in Google Scholar
[[21] Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K, Sohal D, Nordin C. Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use. Ann Emerg Med 2008;51(2):117–25.10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.04.01517583376]Search in Google Scholar
[[22] Espana Schmidt C, Pastori L, Pekler G, Visco F, Mushiyev S. Early use of beta blockers in patients with cocaine associated chest pain. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2015;8:167–9.10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.06.001549727828785697]Search in Google Scholar