Open Access

Nonlinguistic Factors that Affect the Degree of Foreign Accent in Second Language Mandarin


Cite

Bergeron, Annie & Pavel Trofimovich. 2017. Linguistic dimensions of accentedness and comprehensibility: Exploring task and listener effects in second language French. Foreign Language Annals 50(3). 547–566.10.1111/flan.12285Search in Google Scholar

Bowles, Anita R., Charles B. Chang & Valerie P. Karuzis. 2016. Pitch ability as an aptitude for tone learning. Language Learning 66(4). 774–808.10.1111/lang.12159Search in Google Scholar

China Education Centre Ltd. 2016. HSK Speaking Test. http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/hsk/hskadvanced.php (accessed 21 December 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Derwing, Tracey M. & Murray J. Munro. 1997. Accent, intelligibility and comprehensibility: Evidence from four L1s. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20. 1–16.10.1017/S0272263197001010Search in Google Scholar

Derwing, Tracey M. & Murray J. Munro. 2013. The development of L2 oral skills in two L1 groups: A 7-year study. Language Learning 63(2). 163–185.10.1111/lang.12000Search in Google Scholar

Derwing, Tracey M. & Marian J. Rossiter. 2003. The effects of pronunciation instruction on the accuracy, fluency, and complexity of L2 accented speech. Applied Language Learning 13(1). 1–17.Search in Google Scholar

Flege, James, Elaine M. Frieda & Takeshi Nozawa. 1997. Amount of native-language (L1) use affects the pronunciation of an L2. Journal of Phonetics 25(2). 169–186.10.1006/jpho.1996.0040Search in Google Scholar

Flege, James & Serena Liu. 2001. The effect of experience on adults’ acquisition of a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23(4). 527–522.10.1017/S0272263101004041Search in Google Scholar

Flege, James, Murray J. Munro & Ian, R. A. MacKay. 1995. Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Acoustical Society of America 97(5). 3125–3134.10.1121/1.413041Search in Google Scholar

Godfroid, Aline, Chin-His Lin & Catherine Ryu. 2017. Hearing and seeing tone through color: An efficacy study of web-based, multimodal Chinese tone perception training. Language Learning 67(4). 819–857.10.1111/lang.12246Search in Google Scholar

Guion, Susan, James E. Flege & Jonathan D. Loftin. 2000. The effect of L1 use on pronunciation in Quichua-Spanish bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics 28. 27–42.10.1006/jpho.2000.0104Search in Google Scholar

Hao, Yen-Chen. 2012. Second language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese tones by tonal and non-tonal language speakers. Journal of Phonetics 40(2). 269–279.10.1016/j.wocn.2011.11.001Search in Google Scholar

Hao, Yen-Chen. 2018. Contextual effect in second language perception and production of Mandarin tones. Speech Communication 97. 32–42.10.1016/j.specom.2017.12.015Search in Google Scholar

Hosmer, David W. & Stanley Lemeshow. 2000. Applied logistic regression. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.10.1002/0471722146Search in Google Scholar

Jesney, Karen. 2004. The use of global foreign accent rating in studies of L2 acquisition. Calgary, AB: Language Research Centre, University of Calgary.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, Xiaoli & Andrew D. Cohen. 2018. Learner strategies for dealing with pronunciation issues in Mandarin. System 76. 25–37.10.1016/j.system.2018.04.012Search in Google Scholar

Kang, Okim. 2010. Relative salience of suprasegmental features on judgments of L2 comprehensibility and accentedness. System 38(2). 301–315.10.1016/j.system.2010.01.005Search in Google Scholar

Kinsella, Ciara & David Singleton. 2014. Much more than age. Applied Linguistics 35(4). 441–462.10.1093/applin/amu032Search in Google Scholar

Levins, John M. 2016. Accent in second language pronunciation research and teaching. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 2(2). 153–159.10.1075/jslp.2.2.01levSearch in Google Scholar

MacKay, Ian. R. A., James E. Flege & Satomi Imai. 2006. Evaluating the effects of chronological age and sentence duration on degree of perceived foreign accent. Applied Psycholinguistics 27(2). 157–183.10.1017/S0142716406060231Search in Google Scholar

Major, Roy C. 1986. Paragoge and degree of foreign accent in Brazilian English. Second Language Research 2(1). 53–71.10.1177/026765838600200104Search in Google Scholar

Marian, Victoria, Henrike K. Blumenfeld & Margarita Kaushanskaya. 2007. The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50(4). 940–967.10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)Search in Google Scholar

Moyer, Alene. 1999. Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: The critical factors of age, motivation, and instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21. 81–108.10.1017/S0272263199001035Search in Google Scholar

Moyer, Alene. 2007. Do language attitudes determine accent? A study of bilinguals in the USA. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28(6). 502–518.10.2167/jmmd514.0Search in Google Scholar

Moyer, Alene. 2013. Foreign accent: The phenomenon of non-native speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511794407Search in Google Scholar

Moyer, Alene. 2016. The puzzle of gender effects in L2 phonology. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 2(1). 8–28.10.1075/jslp.2.1.01moySearch in Google Scholar

Munro, Murray J. & Tracey M. Derwing. 1998. The effects of speaking rate on listener evaluation of native and foreign-accented speech. Language Learning 48(2). 159–182.10.1111/1467-9922.00038Search in Google Scholar

Munro, Murray J. & Tracey M. Derwing. 1999. Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language learning 49(1). 285–310.10.1111/0023-8333.49.s1.8Search in Google Scholar

Munro, Murray J. & Tracey M. Derwing. 2011. The foundations of accent and intelligibility in pronunciation research. Language Teaching 44(3). 316–327.10.1017/S0261444811000103Search in Google Scholar

Pallant, Julie. 2010. SPSS Survival Manual. United Kingdom: Open University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Penfield, Wilder & Lamar Roberts. 1959. Speech and brain-mechanisms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Piske, Thorsten, Ian R. A. MacKay & James E. Flege. 2001. Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics 29(2). 191–215.10.1006/jpho.2001.0134Search in Google Scholar

Plonsky, Luke (ed.). 2015. Advancing quantitative methods in second language research. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315870908Search in Google Scholar

Plonsky, Luke & Frederick L. Oswald. 2014. How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning 64(4). 878–912.10.1111/lang.12079Search in Google Scholar

Polat, Nihat. 2011. Gender differences in motivation and L2 accent attainment: An investigation of young Kurdish learners of Turkish. Language Learning Journal 39(1). 19–41.10.1080/09571730903545251Search in Google Scholar

Polat, Nihat & Diane L. Schallert. 2013. Kurdish adolescents acquiring Turkish: Their self-determined motivation and identification with L1 and L2 communities as predictors of L2 accent attainment. The Modern Language Journal 97(3). 745–763.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12033.xSearch in Google Scholar

Purcell, Edward T. & Richard W. Suter. 1980. Predictors of pronunciation accuracy: A re-examination. Language Learning 30(2). 271–287.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00319.xSearch in Google Scholar

Saito, Kazuya. 2015. Experience effects on the development of late second language learners’ oral proficiency. Language Learning 65(3). 563–595.10.1111/lang.12120Search in Google Scholar

Saito, Kazuya, Pavel Trofimovich & Talia Isaacs. 2015. Using listener judgements to investigate linguistic influences on L2 comprehensibility and accentedness: A validation and generalisation study. Applied Linguistics 36(4). 1–25.10.1093/applin/amv047Search in Google Scholar

Saito, Kazuya, Pavel Trofimovich & Talia Isaacs. 2016. Second language speech production: Investigating linguistic correlates of comprehensibility and accentedness for learners at different ability levels. Applied Psycholinguistics 37(2). 217–240.10.1017/S0142716414000502Search in Google Scholar

Sereno, Joan, Lynne Lammers & Allard Jongman. 2016. The relative contribution of segments and intonation to the perception of foreign-accented speech. Applied Psycholinguistics 37(2). 303–322.10.1017/S0142716414000575Search in Google Scholar

Slevc, L. Robert & Akira Miyake. 2006. Individual differences in second-language proficiency: Does musical ability matter? Psychological Science 17(8). 675–681.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01765.xSearch in Google Scholar

So, Connie K & Catherine T. Best. 2010. Cross-language perception of non-native tonal contrasts: Effects of native phonological and phonetic influences. Language and Speech 53. 273–293.10.1177/0023830909357156Search in Google Scholar

Sun, Chaofen. 2006. Chinese: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511755019Search in Google Scholar

Suter, Richard W. 1976. Predictors of pronunciation accuracy in second language learning. Language Learning 26(2). 233–253.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00275.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tabachnick, Barbara G. & Linda S. Fidell. 2013. Using multivariate statistics, 6th edn. Boston, MA & London: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Tahta, Sonia, Margaret Wood & Kate Loewenthal. 1981. Foreign accents: Factors relating to transfer of accent from the first language to a second language. Language and Speech 24(3). 265–272.10.1177/002383098102400306Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, Irene. 1991. Foreign accents revisited: The English pronunciation of Russian immigrants. Language Learning 41(2). 177–204.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00683.xSearch in Google Scholar

Trofimovich, Pavel & Talia Isaacs. 2012. Disentangling accent from comprehensibility. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15(4). 905–916.10.1017/S1366728912000168Search in Google Scholar

Trofimovich, Pavel, Talia Isaacs, Sara Kennedy, Kazuya Saito & Dustin Crowther. 2016. Flawed self-assessment: Investigating self- and other-perception of second language speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19(1). 122–140.10.1017/S1366728914000832Search in Google Scholar

Uzal, Melike, Teemu Peltonen, Minna Huotilainen & Olli Aaltonen. 2015. Degree of perceived accent in Finnish as a second language for Turkish children born in Finland. Language Learning 65(3). 477–503.10.1111/lang.12126Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Xinchun. 2013. Perception of Mandarin Tones: The effect of L1 background and training. The Modern Language Journal 97(1). 144–160.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.01386.xSearch in Google Scholar

Wayland, Ratree. 1997. Non-native production of Thai: Acoustic measurements and accentedness ratings. Applied Linguistics 18(3). 345–373.10.1093/applin/18.3.345Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Bei. 2012. The gap between perception and production of tones by American learners of Mandarin – An intralingual perspective. Chinese as a Second Language Research 1(1). 33–53.10.1515/caslar-2012-0003Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Chunsheng. 2016. The acquisition of L2 Mandarin prosody: From experimental studies to pedagogical practice. Philadelphia & Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.10.1075/bpa.1Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Yang. 2011. A tree in the wood: A review of research on L2 Chinese acquisition. Second Language Research 27(4). 559–572.10.1177/0267658311417836Search in Google Scholar

Zybert, Jerzy & Sabina Stepien. 2009. Musical intelligence and foreign language learning. Research in Language 7. 99–111.10.2478/v10015-009-0007-4Search in Google Scholar