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Using glass wastes and bentonite to produce a new ceramic tile

Farid Lachibi
Farid Lachibi
, 
Djamila Aboutaleb
Djamila Aboutaleb
, 
Oussama Zaidi
Oussama Zaidi
 and 
Brahim Safi
Brahim Safi
   | Oct 07, 2023
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Article Category: Original Scientific Article
Published Online: Oct 07, 2023
Page range: -
Received: Feb 05, 2023
Accepted: Apr 06, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2023-0005
Keywords
© 2023 Farid Lachibi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Granulometric distribution of used materials (bentonite, Glass Waste 1 and Glass Waste 2).
Granulometric distribution of used materials (bentonite, Glass Waste 1 and Glass Waste 2).

Figure 2:

Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Curves of raw materials (Bentonite and Glass Wastes).
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Curves of raw materials (Bentonite and Glass Wastes).

Figure 3:

Ceramic tiles obtained from 30% (a), 35% (b) and 40% (c) of bentonite content with Glass Waste 1 (GW1).
Ceramic tiles obtained from 30% (a), 35% (b) and 40% (c) of bentonite content with Glass Waste 1 (GW1).

Figure 4:

Ceramic tiles obtained from 30% (a), 35% (b) and 40% (c) of bentonite content with Glass Waste 2 (GW2).
Ceramic tiles obtained from 30% (a), 35% (b) and 40% (c) of bentonite content with Glass Waste 2 (GW2).

Figure 5:

Ceramic tile samples at 100% bentonite (B) content at 1100 °C: (a) Face 1 and (b) Face 2.
Ceramic tile samples at 100% bentonite (B) content at 1100 °C: (a) Face 1 and (b) Face 2.

Figure 6:

Variation of humidity as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).
Variation of humidity as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).

Figure 7:

Variation of shrinking as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).
Variation of shrinking as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).

Figure 8:

Weight loss of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).
Weight loss of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).

Figure 9:

Variation of bulk density (a) and specific mass (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).
Variation of bulk density (a) and specific mass (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).

Figure 10:

Variation of porosity (a) and water absorption (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).
Variation of porosity (a) and water absorption (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content (G: Glass Waste 1; G’: Glass Waste 2).

Figure 11:

Flexural (a) and breaking strength (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content.
Flexural (a) and breaking strength (b) of elaborated ceramic tiles as a function of bentonite content.

Figure 12:

Variation of hardness of ceramic samples as a function of bentonite content.
Variation of hardness of ceramic samples as a function of bentonite content.

Figure 13:

Observation under microscope at 500 μm.
Observation under microscope at 500 μm.

Initial parameters of the prepared ceramic tiles.

Symbol Glass waste Type Glass waste (% by Mass) Bentonite (% by Mass) Shaping Humidity (% by Mass)
GB30 1 70 30 6
GB35 1 65 35 6
GB40 1 60 40 6
G′B30 2 70 30 6
G′B35 2 65 35 6
G′B40 2 60 40 6
B100 - 00 100 8

Maximum diameter of raw material

Diameter Max (μm) D (0.1) D (0.5) D (0.9)
Bentonite 17.2 84.454 278.142
Glass Waste 1 0.536 3.919 142.64
Glass Waste 2 5.735 53.713 168.7

Properties of ceramic tile samples – Glass Waste 1 and bentonite (GB).

Proprieties/tiles GB30 GB35 GB40 B100
Humidity (%) 6.83582 6.89445 6.57 11.7428
Shrinking (%) 3.916 −7.182 −5.8492 −4.78
Mass loss (%) 15.417 4.475 4.78 8.4946
Density (g/cm3) 1.542 2.078 2.02 2.04
Mass specific (g/cm3) 2.33278 2.2003 2.3371 2.34
Absorption (%) 22.182 2.6598 6.57 6.18
Porosity (%) 33.904 5.525 13.3 12.62
Resistance flexion (MPa) 19.2444 32.6762 24.6616 14.2101
Breaking strength (N) 714 729 1062 500
Hardness (HV) 90 188 153 208

Properties of ceramic tile samples - Glass Waste 2 and bentonite (G’B)

Properties/tiles G’B30 G’B35 G’B40 B100
Humidity (%) 6.1809 5.79 7.4779 11.7428
Shrinking (%) −7.08 −6.097 −5.335 −4.78
Mass loss (%) 4.3195 4.64 5.042 8.4946
Density (g/cm3) 2.1325 2.09 2.065 2.04
Mass specific (g/cm3) 2.1605 2.29 2.36 2.34
Absorption (%) 6.5625 4.29 6.07 6.18
Porosity (%) 13.975 8.9625 12.53 12.62
Resistance flexion (MPa) 29.9578 28.844 31.734 14.2101
Breaking strength (N) 553 742 743 500
Hardness (HV) 159 186 167 208

Chemical composition of raw material

Chemical composition % Fire loss SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O Na2O P2O5 Ti
Bentonite 14.16 55.94 3.14 13.57 5.91 1.74 0.41 2.19 2.47 0.15 0.33
Glass waste 2.67 70.26 0.99 0.44 11.79 1.68 0.21 0.52 11.43 0.01 0.02
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