The united airway disease

1. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N; Aria Workshop Group; World Health Organization. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(5 Suppl):S147–334.10.1067/mai.2001.11889111707753Search in Google Scholar

2. Cingi C, Muluk NB, Cobanoglu B, Çatli T, Dikici O. Nasobronchial interaction. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(6):499–503. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.499.10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.499Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Eccles C. Anatomy and physiology of the nose and control of nasal airflow. In: Adkinson NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, et al, editors. Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008, p.701–11.10.1016/B978-0-323-05659-5.00041-3Search in Google Scholar

4. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63(Suppl 86):8–160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.xSearch in Google Scholar

5. Giavina-Bianchi P, Aun MV, Takejima P, Kalil J, Agondi RC. United airway disease: current perspectives. J Asthma Allergy. 2016;9:93-100. DOI: 10.2147/JAA.S81541. eCollection 2016.10.2147/JAA.S81541.eCollection2016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Yawn BP, Yunginger JW, Wollan PC, Reed CE, Silverstein MD, Harris AG. Allergic rhinitis in Rochester, Minnesota residents with asthma: frequency and impact on health care charges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(1 Pt 1):54–9.10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70525-7Search in Google Scholar

7. Kocevar VS, Bisgaard H, Jonsson L, Valovirta E, Kristensen F, Yin DD, et al. Variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries. Chest. 2004;125(5):1680–4.10.1378/chest.125.5.168015136376Search in Google Scholar

8. Compalati E, Ridolo E, Passalacqua G, Braido F, Villa E, Canonica GW. The link between allergic rhinitis and asthma: the united airways disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010;6(3):413-23. DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.15.10.1586/eci.10.1520441427Search in Google Scholar

9. Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P. ARIA. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma. Position paper in cooperation with WHO. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(Suppl 5):S23–S35.10.1067/mai.2001.118891Search in Google Scholar

10. Braman SS, Barrows AA, DeCotiis BA, Settipane GA, Corrao WM. Airways hyperresponsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest. 1987;91(5):671–4.10.1378/chest.91.5.6713552465Search in Google Scholar

11. Lieberman P, Pattanaik D. Nonallergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14(6):439. DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0439-3.10.1007/s11882-014-0439-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. [No authors listed]. [Internet]. Lancet. 1998;351(9111):1225–32. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9643741.10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07302-9Search in Google Scholar

13. Simons FE. Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma–allergic rhinitis link. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(3 Pt 1):534–40.10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70320-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing – 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(1):309–29.10.1164/ajrccm.161.1.ats11-9910619836Search in Google Scholar

15. Feng CH, Miller MD, Simon RA. The united allergic airway: connections between allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(3):187–90. DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3762.10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3762390650922643942Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Okano M, Kariya S, Ohta N, Imoto Y, Fujieda S, Nishizaki K. Association and management of eosinophilic inflammation in upper and lower airways. Allergol Int. 2015;64(2):131–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.01.004. Epub 2015 Feb 24.10.1016/j.alit.2015.01.00425838087Search in Google Scholar

17. Togias A. Mechanisms of nose-lung interaction. Allergy. 1999;54(Suppl 57):94–105.10.1111/j.1398-9995.1999.tb04410.x10565484Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Lin YT, Chen YC, Gau SS, Yeh TH, Fan HY, Hwang YY, et al. Associations between allergic diseases and attention deficit hyperactivity/oppositional defiant disorders in children. Pediatr Res. 2016;80(4):480–5. DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.111. Epub 2016 Jun 2.10.1038/pr.2016.111.Epub2016Jun2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Licari A, Castagnoli R, Denicolò CF, Rossini L, Marseglia A, Marseglia GL. The nose and the lung: united airway disease? Front Pediatr. 2017;5:44. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00044. eCollection 2017.10.3389/fped.2017.00044.eCollection2017Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S73– S80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.017.10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.017284727420176269Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(1):45–56. DOI: 10.1038/ni.3049.10.1038/ni.3049Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Marseglia GL, Merli P, Caimmi D, Licari A, Labó E, Marseglia A, et al. Nasal disease and asthma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(4 Suppl):7–12. DOI: 10.1177/03946320110240S402.10.1177/03946320110240S402Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Bousquet J, Jacot W, Vignola AM, Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge P. Allergic rhinitis: a disease remodeling the upper airways? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):43-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.047.10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.047Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Brambilla I, Pusateri A, Pagella F, Caimmi D, Caimmi S, Licari A, et al. Adenoids in children: advances in immunology, diagnosis, and surgery. Clin Anat. 2014;27(3):346–52. DOI: 10.1002/ca.22373. Epub 2014 Feb 18.10.1002/ca.22373.Epub2014Feb18Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Constantino Gde T, Mello JF Jr. Remodeling of the lower and upper airways. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;75(1):151–6. DOI: 10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30847-8.10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30847-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Lockett GA, Huoman J, Holloway JW. Does allergy begin in utero? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(5):394-402. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12408.10.1111/pai.1240826011578Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Ortiz RA, Barnes KC. Genetics of allergic diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2015;35(1):19–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.014.10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.014441551825459575Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Liu Y, Ke X, Kang HY, Wang XQ, Shen Y, Hong SL. Genetic risk of TNFSF4 and FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis in a Han Chinese population. J Asthma. 2016;53(6):567–75. DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1108437. Epub 2016 Apr 18.10.3109/02770903.2015.1108437.Epub2016Apr18Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Variant of PBX2 gene in the 6p21.3 asthma suscep-tibility locus is associated with allergic rhinitis in Chinese subjects. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(5):537–43. DOI: 10.1002/alr.21725. Epub 2016 Feb 8.10.1002/alr.21725.Epub2016Feb8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Gough H, Grabenhenrich L, Reich A, Eckers N, Nitsche O, Schramm D, et al. Allergic multimorbidity of asthma, rhinitis and eczema over 20 years in the German birth cohort MAS. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(5):431–7. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12410.10.1111/pai.12410474494226011739Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Kim YH, Kim KW, Kim MJ, Sol IS, Yoon SH, Ahn HS, et al. Vitamin D levels in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(6):580–90. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12599. Epub 2016 Jun 21.10.1111/pai.12599.Epub2016Jun21Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L, et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ. 1995;310(6989):1225-9.10.1136/bmj.310.6989.1225Search in Google Scholar

33. Buist AS. Risk factors for COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 1996;6(39):253-8.Search in Google Scholar

34. Kauffmann F, Neukirch F, Annesi I, Korobaeff M, Doré MF, Lellouch J. Relation of perceived nasal and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to FEV1, basophil counts, and methacholine response. Thorax. 1988;43(6):456-61. DOI: 10.1136.thx.43.6.456.10.1136/thx.43.6.456Search in Google Scholar

35. Davison AG, Fayers PM, Taylor AJ, Venables KM, Darbyshire J, Pickering CA, et al. Cadmium fume inhalation and emphysema. Lancet. 1988;1(8587):663-7.10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91474-2Search in Google Scholar

36. Ciprandi G, Caimmi D, Miraglia del Giudice M, La Rosa M, Salpietro C, Marseglia GL. Recent developments in United airways disease. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4(4):171-7. DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.171. Epub 2012 Feb 8.10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.171.Epub2012Feb8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Platts-Mills TAE. The role of allergens in allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(2):S364-6. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70221-0.10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70221-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Michel FB, Marty JP, Quet L, Cour P. Penetration of inhaled pollen into the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977;115(4):609-16.Search in Google Scholar

39. Fontanari P, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Burnet H, Jammes Y. Nasal eupnoeic inhalation of cold, dry air increases airway resistance in asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(10):2250-4.10.1183/09031936.97.10102250Search in Google Scholar

40. Saetta M, Maestrelli P, Di Stefano A, De Marzo N, Milani GF, Pivirotto F, et al. Effect of cessation of exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) on bronchial mucosa of subjects with TDI-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(1):169-74.10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.169Search in Google Scholar

41. Fontanari P, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Jammes Y. Changes in airway resistance induced by nasal inhalation of cold dry, dry, or moist air in normal individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996;81(4):1739–43.10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1739Search in Google Scholar

42. Corren J, Adinoff AD, Irvin CG. Changes in bronchial responsiveness following nasal provocation with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;89(2):611–8.10.1016/0091-6749(92)90329-ZSearch in Google Scholar

43. Baraniuk JN, Merck SJ. Nasal reflexes: implications for exercise, breathing, and sex. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8(2):147–53.10.1007/s11882-008-0025-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Bousquet J, Neukirch F, Bousquet PJ, Gehano P, Klossek JM, Le Gal M, et al. Severity and impairment of allergic rhinitis in patients consulting in primary care. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(1):158–62. Epub 2005 Dec 2.10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.047Search in Google Scholar

45. Caimmi D, Marseglia A, Pieri G, Benzo S, Bosa L, Caimmi S. Nose and lungs: one way, one disease. Ital J Pediatr. 2012;38:60. DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-60.10.1186/1824-7288-38-60Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Miraglia Del Giudice M, Marseglia A, Leonardi S, La Rosa M, Salpietro C, Brunese FP, et al. Allergic rhinitis and quality of life in children. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(Suppl 4):25–8.10.1177/03946320110240S406Search in Google Scholar

47. Tosca MA, Riccio AM, Marseglia GL, Caligo G, Pallestrini E, Ameli F, et al. Nasal endoscopy in asthmatic children: assessment of rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis incidence, correlations with cytology and microbiology. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(4):609–15.10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01057.x11359430Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Compalati E, Ridolo E, Passalacqua G, Braido F, Villa E, Canonica GW. The link between allergic rhinitis and asthma: the united airways disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010;6(3):413–23. DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.15.10.1586/eci.10.15Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Riccio MM, Proud D. Evidence that enhanced nasal reactivity to bradykinin in patients with symptomatic allergy is mediated by neural reflexes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(6):1252-63.10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70193-8Search in Google Scholar

50. Ciprandi G, Cirillo I. The lower airway pathology of rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(5):1105-9. Epub 2006 Jun 27.10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.01017088136Search in Google Scholar

51. Staikūniene J, Vaitkus S, Japertiene LM, Ryskiene S. Association of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma: clinical and radiological features, allergy and inflammation markers. Medicina (Kaunas). 2008;44(4):257-65.10.3390/medicina44040033Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

52. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Ceravolo R, Boner AL. Difficult asthma: possible association with rhinosinusitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(Suppl 18):25-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00628.x.10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00628.x17767603Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

53. Jani AL, Hamilos DL. Current thinking on the relationship between rhinosinusitis and asthma. J Asthma. 2005;42(1):1–7.10.1081/JAS-20004474415801321Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

54. Barbi E, Longo G. Chronic and recurrent cough, sinusitis and asthma. Much ado about nothing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(Suppl 18):22-4.10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00627.x17767602Search in Google Scholar

55. Bresciani M, Paradis L, Des Roches A, Vernhet H, Vachier I, Godard P, et al. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):73–80.10.1067/mai.2001.11159311149994Search in Google Scholar

56. ten Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT, De Bruïne FT, van Buchem MA, Sterk PJ, et al. Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(4):621-6.10.1067/mai.2002.12245811941310Search in Google Scholar