Open Access

Diagnostic accuracy of (1→3)-β-D-glucan to predict Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients


Cite

Tamburrini E, Mencarini P, Visconti E, Zolfo M, De Luca A, Siracusano A, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in blood by PCR is not of value for diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1586-8. PMID: 8735128TamburriniEMencariniPViscontiEZolfoMDe LucaASiracusanoAet alDetection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in blood by PCR is not of value for diagnosis of Pcarinii pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol19963415868PMID: 873512810.1128/jcm.34.6.1586-1588.1996Search in Google Scholar

Maschmeyer G, Helweg-Larsen J, Pagano L, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Schellongowski P, et al. ECIL guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2405-13. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw158MaschmeyerGHelweg-LarsenJPaganoLRobinCCordonnierCSchellongowskiPet alECIL guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patientsJ Antimicrob Chemother20167124051310.1093/jac/dkw158Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Maertens J, Cesaro S, Maschmeyer G, Einsele H, Donnelly JP, Alanio A, et al. ECIL guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2397-404. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw157.MaertensJCesaroSMaschmeyerGEinseleHDonnellyJPAlanioAet alECIL guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipientsJ Antimicrob Chemother201671239740410.1093/jac/dkw157Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Wang J, Gigliotti F, Maggirwar S, Johnston C, Finkelstein JN, Wright TW. Pneumocystis carinii activates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in alveolar epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 2766-77. doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.5.2766-2777.2005WangJGigliottiFMaggirwarSJohnstonCFinkelsteinJNWrightTWPneumocystis carinii activates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in alveolar epithelial cellsInfect Immun20057327667710.1128/IAI.73.5.2766-2777.2005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Vassallo R, Standing JE, Limper AH. Isolated Pneumocystis carinii cell wall glucan provokes lower respiratory tract inflammatory responses. J Immunol 2000; 164: 3755-63. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3755VassalloRStandingJELimperAHIsolated Pneumocystis carinii cell wall glucan provokes lower respiratory tract inflammatory responsesJ Immunol200016437556310.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3755Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Kobayashi S, Yamada W, Nishimura T, Takeuchi T, et al. Serum indicators for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Chest 2007; 131: 1173-80. doi: 10.1378/chest.06-1467TasakaSHasegawaNKobayashiSYamadaWNishimuraTTakeuchiTet alSerum indicators for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumoniaChest200713111738010.1378/chest.06-1467Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Cuetara MS, Alhambra A, Chaves F, Moragues MD, Ponton J, del Palacio A. Use of a serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis and follow-up of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1364-6. doi: 10.1086/592753CuetaraMSAlhambraAChavesFMoraguesMDPontonJdelPalacio AUse of a serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis and follow-up of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumoniaClin Infect Dis2008471364610.1086/592753Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Persat F, Ranque S, Derouin F, Michel-Nguyen A, Picot S, Sulahian A. Contribution of the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1009-13. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02091-07PersatFRanqueSDerouinFMichel-NguyenAPicotSSulahianAContribution of the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infectionsJ Clin Microbiol20084610091310.1128/JCM.02091-07Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Pisculli ML, Sax PE. Use of a serum β-glucan assay for diagnosis of HIV-related Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with negative microscopic examination results. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 1928-30. doi: 10.1086/588564PisculliMLSaxPEUse of a serum β-glucan assay for diagnosis of HIV-related Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with negative microscopic examination resultsClin Infect Dis20084619283010.1086/588564Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Desmet S, Van Wijngaerden E, Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, De Munter P, et al. Serum (1–3)-β-D-glucan as a tool for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or hematological malignancy. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 3871-4. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01756-09DesmetSVanWijngaerden EMaertensJVerhaegenJVerbekenEDe MunterPet alSerum (1–3)-β-D-glucan as a tool for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or hematological malignancyJ Clin Microbiol2009473871410.1128/JCM.01756-09Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Held J, Koch M, Reischl U, Danner T, Serr A. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan measurement as early indicator for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and evaluation of its prognostic value. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 595-602. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03318.xHeldJKochMReischlUDannerTSerrASerum (1→3)-β-D-glucan measurement as early indicator for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and evaluation of its prognostic valueClin Microbiol Infect20111759560210.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03318.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Finkelman MA. Pneumocystis jirovecii infection: cell wall (1→3)-β-D-glucan biology and diagnostic utility. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36: 271-81. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2010.484001FinkelmanMAPneumocystis jirovecii infection: cell wall (1→3)-β-D-glucan biology and diagnostic utilityCrit Rev Microbiol2010362718110.3109/1040841X.2010.484001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Karageorgopoulos DE, Qu JM, Korbila IP, Zhu YG, Vasileiou VA, Falagas ME. Accuracy of β-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 39-49. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03760.xKarageorgopoulosDEQuJMKorbilaIPZhuYGVasileiouVAFalagasMEAccuracy of β-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a meta-analysisClin Microbiol Infect201319394910.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03760.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Wood BR, Komarow L, Zolopa AR, Finkelman MA, Powderly WG, Sax PE. Test performance of blood beta-glucan for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIDS and respiratory symptoms. AIDS 2013; 27: 967-72. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835cb646WoodBRKomarowLZolopaARFinkelmanMAPowderlyWGSaxPETest performance of blood beta-glucan for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIDS and respiratory symptomsAIDS2013279677210.1097/QAD.0b013e32835cb646Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Sax PE, Komarow L, Finkelman MA, Grant PM, Andersen J, Scully E, et al. Blood (1→3)-β-D-glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 197-202. doi: 10.1093/cid/ cir335SaxPEKomarowLFinkelmanMAGrantPMAndersenJScullyEet alBlood (1→3)-β-D-glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaClin Infect Dis20115319720210.1093/cid/cir335Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Alanio A, Desoubeaux G, Sarfati C, Hamane S, Bergeron A, Azoulay E, et al. Real-time PCR assay-based strategy for differentiation between active Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1531-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03400.xAlanioADesoubeauxGSarfatiCHamaneSBergeronAAzoulayEet alReal-time PCR assay-based strategy for differentiation between active Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization in immunocompromised patientsClin Microbiol Infect2011171531710.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03400.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Morris A, Wei K, Afshar K, Huang L. Epidemiology and clinical significance of pneumocystis colonization. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 10-7. doi: 10.1086/523814MorrisAWeiKAfsharKHuangLEpidemiology and clinical significance of pneumocystis colonizationJ Infect Dis200819710710.1086/523814Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Can H, Caner A, Döşkaya M, Değirmenci A, Karaçalı S, Polat C, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis in the nasal swabs of immune-suppressed rats by use of PCR and microbiology. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2013; 19: 62-7. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.883777.CanHCanerADöşkayaMDeğirmenciAKaraçalıSPolatCet alDetection of Pneumocystis in the nasal swabs of immune-suppressed rats by use of PCR and microbiologyMed Sci Monit Basic Res20131962710.12659/MSMBR.883777Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Spencer L, Ukwu M, Alexander T, Valadez K, Liu L, Frederick T, et al. Epidemiology of Pneumocystis colonization in families. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 1237-40. doi: 10.1086/533449SpencerLUkwuMAlexanderTValadezKLiuLFrederickTet alEpidemiology of Pneumocystis colonization in familiesClin Infect Dis20084612374010.1086/533449Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Turner D, Schwarz Y, Yust I. Induced sputum for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV patients: new data, new issues. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 204-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00035303TurnerDSchwarzYYustIInduced sputum for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV patients: new data, new issuesEur Respir J200321204810.1183/09031936.03.00035303Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Damiani C, Le Gal S, Da Costa C, Virmaux M, Nevez G, Totet A. Combined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1->3)-β-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonization. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3380-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01554-13DamianiCLeGal SDaCosta CVirmauxMNevezGTotetACombined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1->3)-β-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonizationJ Clin Microbiol2013513380810.1128/JCM.01554-13Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nevez G, Totet A, Pautard JC, Raccurt C. Pneumocystis carinii detection using nested-PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates of immunocompetent infants with bronchiolitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48(1 Suppl): 122S-3S. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00479.xNevezGTotetAPautardJCRaccurtCPneumocystis carinii detection using nested-PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates of immunocompetent infants with bronchiolitisJ Eukaryot Microbiol2001481 Suppl122S3S10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00479.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Totet A, Meliani L, Lacube P, Pautard JC, Raccurt C, Roux P, et al. Immunocompetent infants as a human reservoir for Pneumocystis jirovecii rapid screening by non-invasive sampling and real-time PCR at the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50(Suppl): 668-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00678.xTotetAMelianiLLacubePPautardJCRaccurtCRouxPet alImmunocompetent infants as a human reservoir for Pneumocystis jirovecii rapid screening by non-invasive sampling and real-time PCR at the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA geneJ Eukaryot Microbiol200350Suppl668910.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00678.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Flori P, Bellete B, Durand F, Raberin H, Cazorla C, Hafid J, et al. Comparison between real-time PCR, conventional PCR and different staining techniques for diagnosing Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 603-7. doi: 10.1099/ jmm.0.45528-0FloriPBelleteBDurandFRaberinHCazorlaCHafidJet alComparison between real-time PCR, conventional PCR and different staining techniques for diagnosing Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage specimensJ Med Microbiol200453603710.1099/jmm.0.45528-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Fan LC, Lu HW, Cheng KB, Li HP, Xu JF. Evaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveciii pneumonia: a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PloS one 2013; 8: e73099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073099FanLCLuHWChengKBLiHPXuJFEvaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveciii pneumonia: a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic reviewPloS one20138e7309910.1371/journal.pone.0073099Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Matsumura Y, Ito Y, Iinuma Y, Yasuma K, Yamamoto M, Matsushima A, et al. Quantitative real-time PCR and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for differentiation between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 591-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03605.xMatsumuraYItoYIinumaYYasumaKYamamotoMMatsushimaAet alQuantitative real-time PCR and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for differentiation between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonizationClin Microbiol Infect201218591710.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03605.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Damiani C, Le Gal S, Lejeune D, Brahimi N, Virmaux M, Nevez G, et al. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels in primary infection and pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis jiroveciiJ Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 2000-2. doi: 10.1128/ JCM.00249-11DamianiCLe GalSLejeuneDBrahimiNVirmauxMNevezGet alSerum (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels in primary infection and pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis jiroveciiJ Clin Microbiol2011492000210.1128/JCM.00249-11Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Desoubeaux G, Chesnay A, Mercier V, Bras-Cachinho J, Moshiri P, Eymieux S, et al. Combination of β-(1, 3)-D-glucan testing in serum and qPCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate for facilitated diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Mycoses 2019; 62: 1015-22. doi: 10.1111/myc.12997DesoubeauxGChesnayAMercierVBras-CachinhoJMoshiriPEymieuxSet alCombination of β-(1, 3)-D-glucan testing in serum and qPCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate for facilitated diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaMycoses20196210152210.1111/myc.12997Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Corsi-Vasquez G, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pilkington EF 3rd, Sax PE. Point-counterpoint: should serum β-d-Glucan testing be used for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia? J Clin Microbiol 2019; 58: pii: e01340-19. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01340-19Corsi-VasquezGOstrosky-ZeichnerLPilkingtonEF3rdSaxPEPoint-counterpoint: should serum β-d-Glucan testing be used for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?J Clin Microbiol201958pii: e01340-1910.1128/JCM.01340-19Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Azoulay E, Bergeron A, Chevret S, Bele N, Schlemmer B, Menotti J. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 2009; 135: 655-61. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-1309AzoulayEBergeronAChevretSBeleNSchlemmerBMenottiJPolymerase chain reaction for diagnosing pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltratesChest20091356556110.1378/chest.08-1309Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Jarboui MA, Sellami A, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Makni F, Ben Arab N, et al. Molecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Mycoses 2010; 53: 329-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01715.xJarbouiMASellamiASellamiHCheikhrouhouFMakniFBenArab Net alMolecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patientsMycoses2010533293310.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01715.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Carmona EM, Limper AH. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2011; 5: 41-59. doi: 10.1177/1753465810380102CarmonaEMLimperAHUpdate on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumoniaTher Adv Respir Dis20115415910.1177/1753465810380102Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nevez G, Raccurt C, Jounieaux V, Dei-Cas E, Mazars E. Pneumocystosis versus pulmonary Pneumocystis carinii colonization in HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients. AIDS 1999; 13: 535-6. doi: 10.1097/00002030199903110-00020NevezGRaccurtCJounieauxVDei-CasEMazarsEPneumocystosis versus pulmonary Pneumocystis carinii colonization in HIV-negative and HIV-positive patientsAIDS199913535610.1097/00002030199903110-00020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Huang L, Crothers K, Morris A, Groner G, Fox M, Turner JR, et al. Pneumocystis colonization in HIV-infected patients. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50(Suppl): 616-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00651.xHuangLCrothersKMorrisAGronerGFoxMTurnerJRet alPneumocystis colonization in HIV-infected patientsJ Eukaryot Microbiol200350Suppl616710.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00651.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Vargas SL, Pizarro P, Lopez-Vieyra M, Neira-Avile´s P, Bustamante R, Ponce CA. Pneumocystis colonization in older adults and diagnostic yield of single versus paired noninvasive respiratory sampling. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: e19-e21. doi: 10.1086/649869VargasSLPizarroPLopez-VieyraMNeira-Avile´sPBustamanteRPonceCAPneumocystis colonization in older adults and diagnostic yield of single versus paired noninvasive respiratory samplingClin Infect Dis201050e19e2110.1086/649869Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Montesinos I, Brancart F, Schepers K, Jacobs F, Denis O, Delforge ML. Comparison of 2 real-time PCR assays for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82: 143-7. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.006MontesinosIBrancartFSchepersKJacobsFDenisODelforgeMLComparison of 2 real-time PCR assays for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV immunocompromised patientsDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis201582143710.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.006Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Fauchier T, Hasseine L, Gari-Toussaint M, Casanova V, Marty PM, Pomares C. Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii by quantitative PCR to differentiate colonization and pneumonia in Immunocompromised HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54: 1487-95. doi: 10.1128/ JCM.03174-15FauchierTHasseineLGari-ToussaintMCasanovaVMartyPMPomaresCDetection of Pneumocystis jirovecii by quantitative PCR to differentiate colonization and pneumonia in Immunocompromised HIV-positive and HIV-negative patientsJ Clin Microbiol20165414879510.1128/JCM.03174-15Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mühlethaler K, Bögli-Stuber K, Wasmer S, von Garnier C, Dumont P, Rauch A, et al. Quantitative PCR to diagnose Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV patients. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 971-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00095811MühlethalerKBögli-StuberKWasmerSvon GarnierCDumontPRauchAet alQuantitative PCR to diagnose Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV patientsEur Respir J201239971810.1183/09031936.00095811Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Robert-Gangneux F, Belaz S, Revest M, Tattevin P, Jouneau S, Decaux O, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients by real-time PCR: a 4-year prospective study. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3370-6. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01480-14.Robert-GangneuxFBelazSRevestMTattevinPJouneauSDecauxOet alDiagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients by real-time PCR: a 4-year prospective studyJ Clin Microbiol2014523370610.1128/JCM.01480-14Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Botterel F, Cabaret O, Foulet F, Cordonnier C, Costa JM, Bretagne S. Clinical significance of quantifying Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA by using real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 227-31. doi: 10.1128/JCM.06036-11BotterelFCabaretOFouletFCordonnierCCostaJMBretagneSClinical significance of quantifying Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA by using real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from immunocompromised patientsJ Clin Microbiol2012502273110.1128/JCM.06036-11Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Larsen HH, Huang L, Kovacs JA, Crothers K, Silcott VA, Morris A, et al. A prospective, blinded study of quantitative touch-down polymerase chain reaction using oralwash samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1679-83. doi: 10.1086/383322LarsenHHHuangLKovacsJACrothersKSilcottVAMorrisAet alA prospective, blinded study of quantitative touch-down polymerase chain reaction using oralwash samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patientsJ Infect Dis200418916798310.1086/383322Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Huggett JF, Taylor MS, Kocjan G, Evans HE, Morris-Jones S, Gant V, et al. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients. Thorax 2008; 63: 154-9. doi: 10.1136/thx.2007.081687HuggettJFTaylorMSKocjanGEvansHEMorris-JonesSGantVet alDevelopment and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patientsThorax200863154910.1136/thx.2007.081687Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

eISSN:
1581-3207
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Radiology, Internal Medicine, Haematology, Oncology